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Chapter 16

Chapter 16. Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science. p. 487. Background to the Scientific Revolution. Medieval Science Renaissance Humanists Contradictions of Aristotle and Galen

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Chapter 16

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  1. Chapter 16 Toward a New Heaven and a New Earth: The Scientific Revolution and the Emergence of Modern Science

  2. p. 487

  3. Background to the Scientific Revolution • Medieval Science • Renaissance Humanists • Contradictions of Aristotle and Galen • Renaissance artists and their impact on scientific study • Close Observation of Nature • Perspective and Anatomical Proportions • Technological Innovations • Mathematics • Hermetic Magic • Alchemy

  4. p. 490

  5. p. 491

  6. Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy • Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy and Christian Theology • Geocentric Universe • Ten Spheres surrounded the Earth • Christianized Ptolemaic Universe • Copernicus • Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 – 1543) • On The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres • Heliocentric Universe • Creates doubt about the Ptolemaic system

  7. A Revolution in Astronomy, Continued • Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) • Interest in Hermetic thought and Mathematical magic • “Music of the Spheres” • Laws of Planetary Motion • Discredits Ptolemaic System • Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) • The Telescope • The Starry Messenger • Condemned by the Church • Scientific leadership passes to England, France and the Netherlands

  8. p. 493

  9. p. 493

  10. Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727) • Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge University • Invented Calculus • Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1684 – 1686): The Principia • Three Laws of Motions • Universal Force “Laws of Gravity” • World seen in mechanistic terms • Does not dispute that God exists

  11. p. 498

  12. Advances in Medicine • Medieval Medicine dominated by Galen • two separate blood systems • four body humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile)--bleeding and purging used to fix these • Paracelsus (1493-1541) • disease comes from chemical imbalances (alchemy to treat sickness) • Andreas Vesalius (1514 – 1564) • On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) • Dissection of a human body • Corrects Galen’s errors via human dissection • William Harvey • On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628) • Circulation of the blood (on system)

  13. Chronology, p. 501

  14. Women of Modern Science • New Opportunities for Women • Largely informal education • Margaret Cavendish (1623 – 1673) • Observations upon Experimental Philosophy • Grounds of Natural Philosophy • Attacked rationalist and empiricist approaches to scientific knowledge • Maria Sibylla Merian (1623-1717) • Entomologist (studied and dissected bugs in South America) • German Women • 1 in 7 German astronomers was a woman • Maria Winkelmann (1670 – 1720) • Discovered comet • Rejected for a post by the Berlin Academy

  15. p. 502

  16. Debate over the nature of women • Women portrayed as inherently base, prone to vice, easily swayed, and “sexually insatiable” • Women joined debate in the 17th century and reject this view • Science used to “perpetrate old stereotypes about women” • Scientific revolution reaffirmed traditional ideas about women’s nature

  17. Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and a New View of Humankind • Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) • Discourse on Method (1637) • “I think, therefore I am.” • Cartesian Dualism or the separation of mind and matter. • Father of modern rationalism • Deductive reasoning • Inventor of Analytic Geometry

  18. p. 504

  19. The Spread of Scientific Knowledge • Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) • Idols of the Mind (people see through a foggy glass) • Idols of the Tribe (preconceptions of things or a tendency to jump to conclusions) • Idols of the Cave (personal biases or beliefs do to a lack of education or limited education—religious) • Idols of the Marketplace (language misuse obscures understanding) • Idols of the Theatre (following current beliefs--what’s vogue or fashionable in thought) • Novum Organum • “Scientific Method” built on inductive principles (form a Hypothesis, gather information to predict via experimentation, analyze results, re-test to verify results, publish findings) • Control and domination of nature

  20. p. 506

  21. p. 507

  22. The Scientific Societies • English Royal Society • Informal meetings at London and Oxford • Received formal charter in 1662 from Charles II • French Royal Academy • Informal meetings in Paris • Formally recognized by Louis XIV (1666) • Societies recognized practical value of scientific research • Both focus on theoretical work in mechanics and astronomy

  23. Science and Society • People recognized Science’s rational superiority • Science offered new ways to exploit resources for profit

  24. Chronology, p. 509

  25. p. 509

  26. Science and Religion in the Seventeenth Century • Conflict between Science and Religion • Scientific beliefs triumph, while Religious beliefs began to suffer • Benedict de Spinoza • Philosophy of pantheism, in which God has no existence apart from the world—everything was itself an aspect of God. • Blaise Pascal (1623 – 1662) • Mystical vision (1654) • Sought to keep science and religion united • Pensées (Thoughts) • Sought to convert rationalists to Christianity, did not see Christianity as contrary to reason, and reason had its limits.

  27. Timeline, p. 512

  28. Discussion Questions • How did the Middle Ages and the Renaissance contribute to the Scientific Revolution? • Why were advances in Mathematics so important during the Scientific Revolution? • Why did religious leaders react so negatively to the new advances in Science, especially in astronomy? • Why is Newton’s Principia called the “hinge point of modern scientific thought? • How did women come to play such an important role in the Scientific Revolution? • Why did the scientific society refuse to recognize women involved in the sciences?

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