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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam. Present Day Africa. Kingdoms in Pre-Colonial Africa. 2 nd largest & 2 nd most populous continent 6% of total surface; 20.4% of total land surface 53 countries; 922 million people (as of 2005)

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam

  2. Present Day Africa

  3. Kingdoms in Pre-Colonial Africa

  4. 2nd largest & 2nd most populous continent 6% of total surface; 20.4% of total land surface 53 countries; 922 million people (as of 2005) Central eastern Africa widely regarded as origin of human species Area: almost 12 million square miles (US is about 3.3 million square miles) Africa Info….

  5. Political forms vary Different religions Universal states and universal religions do NOT characterize African history A. Stateless Societies Organized around kinship Secret societies B. Common Elements in African Societies Unity in language, thought, and religion Bantu migration one language base (specific languages could differ) Animism Power of natural forces Cosmology lineage important in relation with god I. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities

  6. C. The Arrival of Islam in North Africa Part of Mediterranean Arrival of Islam Spain, by 711 Berber Almoravids western Sahara Launched on jihad south against African kingdoms of savanna assist conversion Almohads (1130) Another reformist group succeed Berbers, 12th century D. The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia Copts Egyptian Christians welcome Muslims spread to Nubia (Kush) Ethiopia heirs to Axum King Lalibela I. African Societies: Diversity and Similarities

  7. Caravans across Sahara Sahel (grasslands) transfer point A. Sudanic States Rulers sacred Islam from 900s supports state B. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the “Lion Prince” Malinke peoples from Ghana Agriculture, gold trade Sundiata (d.1260) mansa (ruler) expanded state Mansa Kankan Musa pilgrimage to Mecca brings back Ishak al-Sahili architect from Muslim Spain beaten clay architecture II. Kingdoms of the Grasslands Empires of the Western Sudan

  8. Niger Valley

  9. Mali Empire

  10. C. City Dwellers and Villagers Jenne, Timbuktu thrive with expansion of Mali, Songhay Mandinka juula (traders) Merchants Farmers the majority II. Kingdoms of the Grasslands Empires of the Western Sudan

  11. D. The Songhay Kingdom Middle Niger valley Independent by 700 Muslim by 1010 Capital at Gao Sunni Ali (1464-1492) expanded territory successors: askia Defeated by Morocco, 1591 Hausa states, northern Nigeria Kano becomes Muslim center E. Political and Social Life in the Sudanic States Fusion of Muslim, indigenous traditions II. Kingdoms of the Grasslands

  12. Songhay Empire

  13. Trading ports Muslim influence strong Rest of population remains traditional A. The Coastal Trading Ports Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar Madagascar southeast Asian immigrants bring bananas, coconuts Blended culture Bantu, Islamic Swahili spreads along coast trade with Asia B. The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast Islam unifies along with Swahili III. The Swahili Coast of East Africa The Swahili Coast

  14. Swahili Coast Indian Ocean Trade Routes

  15. A. Artists and Kings: Yoruba and Benin Nok culture, 500 b.c.e. and 200 c.e. Nigerian forests agriculture, iron tools Hiatus, 200-1000 c.e. Yoruba Speaking Peoples urbanized agriculturalists small city-states divine kings Ile-Ife holy notable portrait heads IV. Peoples of the Forest and Plains

  16. B. Central African Kingdoms Bantu close to Cape Horn by 1200 form states Katanga Luba peoples divine kingship hereditary bureaucracy IV. Peoples of the Forest and Plains

  17. Zambezi River in southern Africa

  18. Central Rain Forest Lake Victoria

  19. Physical Map: Africa

  20. C. The Kingdoms of the Kongo and Mwene Mutapa Kongo along lower Congo by late 15th century Agricultural pronounced gender division of labor women farm, run household men clear forest, hunt, trade Mbanza Kongo Capital Shona language group Zimbabwe (stone courts) by 9th century Great Zimbabwe Mwene Mutapa control of gold sources IV. Peoples of the Forest and Plains

  21. Great Zimbabwe

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