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Europe in the 1500s

Europe in the 1500s. European Politics. Economic transformation Religious upheaval Dominance of Spain & Portugal. Economic Changes in the 1500s. Population change European population doubles between 1460 & 1620 increases value of land Rising value of goods

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Europe in the 1500s

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  1. Europe in the 1500s

  2. European Politics • Economic transformation • Religious upheaval • Dominance of Spain & Portugal.

  3. Economic Changes in the 1500s • Population change • European population doubles between 1460 & 1620 • increases value of land • Rising value of goods • Ex. Cost of cereals increased 8x between 1460 & 1620 • factors driving increase • rising demand with increasing population • influx of silver and gold from New World fuels inflation.

  4. Economic Changes in the 1500s • Land ownership - shift from feudal based communal system to profit motive • nobles own lands • peasants have obligations and right to “commons” • rising value of land triggers “enclosure” • nobles begin selling or leasing lands • can hire laborers for low wages because of high unemployment caused by enclosure.

  5. Economic Changes in the 1500s • Agricultural Changes • land consolidation & rising rich/poor gap • “Convertible Husbandry” • replaces 3 field crop rotation • cereals, peas or beans, and cattle • Baltic becomes “Breadbasket for Western Europe”.

  6. Economic Changes in the 1500s Results • Growing, rootless population • Demand for land - primogeniture • Rise of consumerism • Demand for goods and materials • Reformation • Technology.

  7. Protestant Reformation • 1517 - Luther and 95 Theses • critical of RC Church practices, esp. selling indulgences • theologically unsound because salvation cannot be earned by works • Role played by printing presses.

  8. Protestant Reformation • Protestantism seen as personal salvation and way to renew corrupt society and government • religious and political movements of this time require support of princes • Luther gets support early • why?(beyond spiritual reasons) • Confiscate church lands • oppose Holy Roman Emperor • Germans can free themselves from Italian domination.

  9. Protestant Reformation • Luther only attacks church, not secular authority • 1524 Peasant revolt in Germany trying to decrease taxes, Luther sides with…. Foundering of the Church Nobles

  10. Spread of Protestantismto ~1560

  11. Reformation in England • England initially (1517-1534) remains staunchly Catholic • Dissention within the church hierarchy and distance from Rome weakens support for Pope • Henry’s inability to gain a male heir triggers the break between England and Rome.

  12. Henry VIII • Henry VIII and his six (!) wives • Pope delays giving an annulment • divorced, beheaded, died/ divorced, beheaded, survived • Act of Supremacy 1534 • Henry is head of “Church of England” - Anglican • “Catholic Lite” • beginnings of religious turmoil in England lasting until ~1660. Henry VIII

  13. Elizabeth I • daughter of Henry’s second wife - reigns from 1558-1603 • legality of claim • “Virgin” Queen • Male power & perception • Virginia • Catholic or Protestant? • Church of England.

  14. Elizabeth I • rising tensions with Spain • Mary Tudor & Catholicism • her husband • profit motive • monopolies • privateers • joint stock companies • assistance to Dutch rebels • increasing naval strength.

  15. Sir Francis Drake El Drago • Raiding in the Spanish Caribbean • Golden Hind • Capture of Santo Domingo • Assault on Florida • Roanoke. Francis Drake

  16. Spanish reaction • 1571 Battle of Lepanto • 1580 Portugal becomes part of Spanish empire • Phillip II seeks revenge on England • 1588 Spanish Armada.

  17. Spanish Armada • Fleet leaves Lisbon • 22,000 men • “Protestant Wind” • Psychological impact • Impact in New World.

  18. Foundations of Spanish and Portuguese Dominance • Technological change • Motive for discovery • Religion • Economic exploitation • Markets for European goods.

  19. Changing Ship Design Merchant Ship in 1532 in 1580

  20. Typical 1529 map

  21. New technologies

  22. Religious Motives • Catholics • oppose Protestants • seek to convert “heathens” • save their souls • easier to govern • Establishment of Spanish mission at Virginia Beach, VA - ~ 1570-1571 • Protestants • oppose Catholics • find Kingdom of Prestor John.

  23. Prester John

  24. Spain • dominance of native peoples • Bartolome de Las Casas • “black legend” vs. “deliverance from barbarism”.

  25. England • Late arrival in the new world - why? • Reformation splits England • occupation of Ireland • wars in Europe • privateering in the Caribbean • Roanoke colony - 1584 • purpose • pattern for future.

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