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Psychedelics and hallucinogens

Psychedelics and hallucinogens. Acetylcholine psychedelics Catecholamine-like psychedelics Serotonin-like psychedelics Psychedelic anaesthetics. Terms. Hallucinogen vs. illusionogen Perceptual distorter Phantasticum Neurodysleptic and psychotomimetic. Acetylcholine psychedelics.

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Psychedelics and hallucinogens

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  1. Psychedelics and hallucinogens Acetylcholine psychedelics Catecholamine-like psychedelics Serotonin-like psychedelics Psychedelic anaesthetics

  2. Terms • Hallucinogen vs. illusionogen • Perceptual distorter • Phantasticum • Neurodysleptic and psychotomimetic

  3. Acetylcholine psychedelics • AChE inhibitors • Physostigmine • Malathion and parathion • Sarin and soman • ACh blockers • Atropine and scopolamine • Hyoscyamine • ACh mimics: Muscarine, ibotenic acid, muscimol

  4. Plant sources of ACh psychedelics • Physostigma venenosum, Calabar bean • Solanaceae, family of potato and tomato • Atropa belladonna, deadly nightshade • Datura stramonium, jimsonweed • Mandragora officinarum, mandrake • Hyoscyamus niger, henbane • Amanita muscarii, fly agaric

  5. H3C CH2OH H2C CH O CH2 CH3 CH O C CH N Atropine H2C CH CH2 Acetylcholine psychedelics CH3 O CH2 CH2 O C CH3 +N CH3 Acetylcholine

  6. Catecholamine-like psychedelics • Look like the catecholamine NTs and like cocaine and amphetamine, but they have additional CH3-O (methoxy) groups. • Catecholamine agonists as stimulants and reinforcers • Psychedelic effects from high-affinity serotonin2 partial agonism at postsynaptic receptors.

  7. Specific catecholamine psychedelics • Peyote/mescaline • Synthetic mescaline/amphetamine derivatives: Designer drugs • DOM/STP • MDA, TMA, MMDA • MDMA/Ecstasy/Adam • Myristicin and elemicin

  8. Serotonin-like psychedelics • LSD-25: Ergot • Ololiuqui: Heavenly blue morning glory • Harmine: Peganum harmala • Psilocybin and psilocin/Silly putty • Tryptamines • Magic Mushroom of Mexico, Psilocybe mexicana, ‘shrooms • Like other tryptamine hallucinogens, Schedule I

  9. Serotonin-like psychedelics: Tryptamines • DMT: Piptadonia peregrina, Yopo • When yopo is roasted, the bufotenine (5-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is converted to DMT (dimethyltryptamine) • Sniffed, smoked, injected: 45-60 minute trip • Can be taken orally if another drug inhibits its metabolism by MAO • B-carbolines in Banisteriopsis and other plant sources of ayahuasca appear to inhibit MAO • Bufotenine: Highly toxic • Reported psychedelic effects may be due to peripheral toxicity • DET, AET, AMT, and N,N-diisopropyl-5-methoxytryptamine (Foxy methoxy)

  10. Psychedelic anaesthetics • Phencyclidine (Sernyl/Sernylan)and ketamine (Ketalar) • PCP, angel dust, crystal, dust, embalming fluid, DOA, surfer; street K, special K • NMDA-glutamate complex: • Post-synaptic calcium influx • Long-term potentiation • PCP receptors antagonize the complex by blocking the receptors • Nitrous oxide and dextromethorphan may act similarly

  11. Is toad-licking an urban legend? • Orally administered bufotenine is not hallucinogenic: It doesn’t cross the BBB • 5-methoxyDMT, found in Bufo alvarius rather than Bufo marinus, is hallucinogenic when smoked.

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