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Survey Research (Gallup)

Survey Research (Gallup). Would you vote for a qualified Black presidential candidate? 1958: 35% of Whites said yes. 1997: 93% of Whites said yes. Would you move away if large numbers of Blacks moved to your neighborhood? 1958: 80% of Whites said yes. 1997: 18% of Whites said yes.

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Survey Research (Gallup)

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  1. Survey Research (Gallup) • Would you vote for a qualified Black presidential candidate? 1958: 35% of Whites said yes. 1997: 93% of Whites said yes. • Would you move away if large numbers of Blacks moved to your neighborhood? 1958: 80% of Whites said yes. 1997: 18% of Whites said yes.

  2. % who would vote for a qualified Black candidate (Gallup poll)

  3. Terms • Prejudice: Negative feelings toward people based on their membership in certain groups. • Discrimination: Any behavior directed against people because of their membership in a particular group. • Racism: Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background.

  4. Modern Racism • A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways especially when it is safe, socially acceptable and easy to rationalize. • Ambivalence • Avoidance

  5. Stereotypes • Beliefs that associate a group of people with certain traits.

  6. Stereotypes and Social Perception • Stereotypes can influence our perception and memory of events. • Perception: Basketball study (Stone et al., 1997) • Memory: Librarian vs. Waitress study (Cohen)

  7. Formation of Stereotypes • Social categorization- classification of people into groups based on common attributes. • Ingroups vs. outgroups • The outgroup homogeneity effect-tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups. • Sociocultural factors influence which categorizations we use.

  8. Formation and Maintenance of Stereotypes • Illusory correlation- overestimation of the association between two variables (e.g., race and crime). • Example: Number of Business Relationships Harriet Has Been Exposed To In Her Life

  9. Formation and Maintenance of Stereotypes • Attributions Group attribution error- tendency to assume valid judgments about individuals can be inferred from characteristics of the group. • Subtyping- revising stereotypes to incorporate exceptions. • Self-fulfilling prophecies

  10. Devine’s Dual Process Model No Correction ST Activated Prejudiced Judgment High Prejudice: Non-prejudiced Judgment ST Activated Correction Low Prejudice:

  11. Devine’s Dual Process Model : Cognitive Load Predictions No Correction ST Activated Prejudiced Judgment High Prejudice: Prejudiced Judgment ST Activated No Correction Low Prejudice:

  12. Stereotype Threat • A situation in which one could be negatively stereotyped, judged or treated stereotypically, or in which one might conform to a negative stereotype • Effects: • 1) Lower Performance • 2) Disidentification

  13. Spencer, Steele, & Quinn (1997) • Men outperform women on a difficult math test, but not on a literature test. • When the math test is presented as one that shows no gender differences, women perform equal to men. • This occurs even when all participants are led to expect poor performance.

  14. Steele & Aronson (1995) • When a test is described as an intelligence test, White students outperform Black students. • But when the same test is described as a laboratory problem solving test, Whites and Blacks perform equally well.

  15. Origins of Prejudice • 1. Competition for scarce resources • Realistic group conflict theory (Worchel, 1977): rejection of other groups occurs during competition for scarce resources • Robber’s Cave Experiment (Sherif & Sherif, 1954)

  16. Origins of Prejudice • 2. Social Categorization – the process of classifying people according to particular social characteristics. • Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel, 1980’s) • In-group bias- the tendency to favor one’s own groups.

  17. How many dots are on the screen? ……………………………………………………….. ………………………………. ……………………………………………. ……………………………………………………. ……………………………………. ………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………..

  18. Reward Allocation Jon A Bob B

  19. Results • Ingroup vs. ingroup  even allocation • Outgroup vs. outgroup  even allocation • Ingroup vs. outgroup  2:1 allocation

  20. Explanation for Ingroup Bias • Social Identity Theory (Tajfel) – people are motivated to maintain self-esteem and can do this by (1) affiliating with attractive groups and (2) viewing one’s own groups as favorably as possible.

  21. BIRGing • Basking in reflected glory- behavior that enhances our association with successful groups and minimizes our association with unsuccessful groups.

  22. Prejudice and Self-EsteemFein & Spencer (1997) Rating of applicant Applicant Feedback

  23. Prejudice and Self-EsteemFein & Spencer (1997) Increase in SE Applicant Feedback

  24. Reducing Prejudice • 1. Contact hypothesis • Equal status • Cooperation • 2. Re-categorization • 3. Use of controlled processing to override automatic stereotyping • 4. Social Norms

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