Testing the Creation Model of the LDS Church

1. Testing the Creation Model of the LDS Church Richard Deem Evidence for God from Science www.GodAndScience.org

2. Why Test Religious Claims? ? • Determine the truth • Adopt a valid worldview • Lead others to develop a valid worldview

3. Is It Fair to Test LDS Theology? • According to Joseph Smith, all Christianity had become apostate and was an “abomination” in the sight of God • Current official teaching of the LDS church teaches that “error crept into Church doctrine” and that the true Church was destroyed • Christians have the right and responsibility to defend the indestructible Church that Jesus Christ established in the first century

4. Overview of LDS Theology • “Standard works” • Bible (Old and New Testament) • Book of Mormon • Doctrine and Covenants • Pearl of Great Price • Some or all of previous revelation may be superceded by the current “prophet” • This presentation uses the official LDS teaching book Gospel Principles

5. Overview of the LDS Creation Model • Heavens and the earth were created by a council of gods • The God of this world (Elohim) was once a man who worked his way to godhead • Gods are created • Celestial procreation produces “spirit children” • Spirit children can progress to godhead • Matter is eternal

6. The LDS Creation Model • Heavens and the earth were created by a council of gods • “…the Council of the Eternal God of all other gods before this world was…” (D&C 121:32) • The Gods plan the creation of the earth and all life thereon… (PoGP:Abraham 4:Heading) • …And they went down at the beginning, and they, that is the Gods, organized and formed the heavens and the earth. (PoGP:Abraham 4:1)

7. The LDS Creation Model • The God of this world (Elohim) was once a man who worked his way to godhead • “The Father has a body of flesh and bones as tangible as man’s…” (D&C 130:22) • “This is the way our Heavenly Father became God. Joseph Smith taught: ‘It is the first principle of the Gospel to know for a certainty the character of God. . . . He was once a man like us; . . . God himself, the Father of us all, dwelt on an earth, the same as Jesus Christ himself did’ (Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, pp. 345-46).” (Gospel Principles, 1997. Chapter 47 “EXALTATION”).

8. The LDS Creation Model Obedient humans can become gods: • “If we prove faithful to the Lord, we will live in the highest degree of the celestial kingdom of heaven. We will become exalted, just like our Heavenly Father…”“These are some of the blessings given to exalted people…2. They will become gods.”(Gospel Principles, 1997. Chapter 47 “EXALTATION.” • “Celestial marriage and a continuation of the family unit enable men to become gods;” (D&C: Section 132:Heading)

9. The LDS Creation Model Gods are created through celestial procreation “… our Heavenly Father called a Grand Council to present his plan for our progression (see Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, pp. 348, 349, 365). We learned that if we followed his plan, we would become like him. We would have a resurrected body; we would have all power in heaven and on earth; we would become heavenly parents and have spirit children just as he does (see D&C 132:19-20).” Gospel Principles, Chapter 2, “Our Heavenly Family”

10. The LDS Creation Model Matter is eternal • Since gods are created, matter must be eternal Problems: • Scientists agree that matter (along with energy, space and time) was created at the Big Bang • How did matter create the first god?

11. E-mail From an LDS Member “Cosmology today postulates an initial explosion (the Big Bang) from which our universe has emerged … the beginning for energy and all the associated laws of physics, chemistry, et al. This is great for Christianity. It certainly appears that science supports the Biblical “in the beginning” which is interpreted to define a creation of the Heavens and the Earth out of nothing… I think it is safe to say that Mormons don't believe in the Big Bang.”

12. Book of Mormon Overview • “Another testament of Jesus Christ” • Recorded by the prophet Mormon • Claims to be an account of two great civilizations in the Americas: • Jaredites (from the scattering at the Tower of Babel) • Nephites and the Lamanites (from Jerusalem in 600 B.C.)

13. Book of Mormon Errors • Archeology • Metals • Weapons • Agriculture • Textiles • Animals • Calendars • Religion • Racial characteristics • Genetics

14. The Book of Mormon is a religious document and not a scientific guide. The Smithsonian Institution has never used it in archeological research and any information that you have received to the contrary is incorrect. Smithsonian Institution Letter

15. Archeology • Metals (in coins, weapons, and buildings) • Weapons of war (chariots, scimitars, swords, breastplates) • Crops (wheat and barley) • Specialized fabrics (linen and silk) • Animals (donkey, cattle, oxen, horse, pig, and elephants) • Calendar

16. Metal workers in pottery, 1000 to 1500 A.D. Metals in the Book of Mormon • Book of Mormon claims that iron, steel, brass, copper, silver and gold found in Americas before Christ • These metals were said to be found in coins, weapons, and buildings

17. Stone Aztec knife,1450 A.D. Metal Use in the Americas • Metallurgy did not occur until at least 900 A.D. • Stone weapons in use at time Spanish conquistadors arrived • Depictions of metals/metal work in art did not appear until ~1000 A.D.

18. Scimitar, MiddleEastern weapon of war Weapons in the Book of Mormon • Book of Mormon claims that chariots were used in Americas before Christ • Book of Mormon describes use of scimitars (spelled “cimiter” in Book of Mormon), steel swords and brass breastplates

19. Weapons included spears Weapons in the Americas • No chariots or even wheeled vehicles used • No metal weapons prior to 1000 A.D. • Millions died in battle at Hill Cumorah – no weapons or remains found

20. Agriculture in the Book of Mormon • The Book of Mormon describes the growing of crops that require the use of plows and specialized farming techniques • Book of Mormon crops included wheat and barley

21. Agriculture in the Americas • Many ancient American Cultures were hunter-gatherers • No evidence of plows (as actual artifacts or in artwork) • No evidence of either wheat or barley • Crops know to be grown by ancient Americans, such as chocolate, lima beans, squash, potatoes, and tomatoes are not mentioned in the Book of Mormon

22. Textiles in the Book of Mormon • The Book of Mormon describes the use of linen and silk • No evidence for the growing of flax (used to make linen) has been found in pre-Columbian sites • No evidence of silkworms or the technology required to produce silk material has been found • No linen or silk items have been found

23. Textiles in the Americas • Textiles have been found dating from as early as 5800 B.C. • Elaborate weaving and patterns found in textiles dating from 600 B.C. (date Nephites and Lamanites were said to have sailed to the Americas)

24. Animals in the Book of Mormon • The Book of Mormon claims that the following Old World animals were found in ancient America: • Donkeys • Cattle • Oxen • Horses • Pigs • Elephants

25. Man with llama Animals in the Americas • Mammoths, mastodons, and horses had disappeared from the American continents 10,000 years ago • Donkeys, cattle, oxen, horses, and pigs were introduced on the continent by the Spanish after 1492

26. Aztec calendar, 1372 A.D. Calendars in the Book of Mormon • The Book of Mormon claims that ancient Americans practiced a seven day week • This week was said to have consisted of six days of work and a seventh day of rest

27. Calendars in the Americas • 260-day cycle divided into 13 “months” of twenty days (used by most of the ancient Mesoamericans) • 365-day cycle, divided into 18 “months” of twenty days. The five leftover days were called the “resting,” or “sleep of the year.” • 3276-day cycle divided into four quadrants of 819 days (the product of 7 x 9 x 13, all sacred numbers to the Maya). • “Long count” calendar counted days from the creation of the world (said to be on August 11, 3114 B.C.)

28. Wheeping God Bat God Water Goddess Solar God Jaguar God Death God Rain God Corn God Religion in the Book of Mormon • The Book of Mormon claims that ancient Americans were monotheistic and worshipped the God of the Hebrews

29. Religion in the Americas • Religion in the Americas included human sacrifice, including child sacrifice

30. Racial Characteristics of Ancient Americans • All native peoples of the Americas are dark-skinned • Depictions of native peoples in the period artwork shows dark-skinned peoples • No evidence for the “white, and exceedingly fair and delightsome.” Nephites

31. Genetics in the Book of Mormon • Book of Mormon claims • DNA studies • LDS objections based on science • LDS objections based upon textual interpretation

32. Book of Mormon Claims • Native Americans are descended from Hebrews • “...Written to the Lamanites, who are a remnant of the house of Israel..” (Title Page 1:2) • “...the Lamanites, and they are the principal ancestors of the American Indians” (Introduction Preface:1-2) • “...I speak unto you [Lamanites], ye remnant of the house of Israel; and these are the words which I speak: Know ye that ye are of the house of Israel.” (Mormon 7:1-2) • “Which is my word to the Gentile, that soon it may go to the Jew, of whom the Lamanites are a remnant...” (D&C: Section 19:27)

33. DNA Studies on Native American Origins • Y-chromosome • mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) • Polymorphic Alu insertions • Intestinal microbial flora • Domesticated animals

34. Y-Chromosome Studies • SNP in DYS199 locus present in all 5 Native American populations and in Siberian Chukchi populations • Examination of more than 2,500 Y-chromosomes of wide geographic origin indicated this polymorphism is found only in Native American and Asian populations (not found in African, Australoid, or Caucasian European populations)

35. Y-Chromosome Studies • Haplotype M3 present in 66% of NA males found in Chukotka peninsula in Siberia • Haplotype M45 present in 25% of NA males found in Lower Amur River and Sea of Okhotsk regions of eastern Siberia • Haplotype RPS4Y-T present in 5% of NA males found in the Lower Amur River/Sea of Okhotsk region of Siberia

36. Y-Chromosome Studies • Polymorphisms of Native American populations show a gradient of polymorphisms extending from North to South America • Such a gradient is expected from an Asian migration through the Bering Strait • Book of Mormon suggests that a genetic gradient should extend in the opposite direction

37. Mitochondrial DNA • Four Native American haplotypes (A-D) found in 50% of native Mongolians • NA HVS-1 haplotype found in 50-70% of aboriginal Siberians • Genetic studies set the date for the origination of these haplotypes at 20,000 - 30,000 years ago

38. Polymorphic Alu Insertions • Alu family of retroposons is present at an extremely large copy numbers within the chromosomes of the human genome (500,000 copies/genome equivalent) • Five polymorphic Alu insertions were examined from 24 Native American populations • The comparison showed a close similarity between Chinese and Native American populations

39. Intestinal Microbial Flora • Helicobacter pylori, a chronic gastric pathogen of human beings, can be found in virtually every human population group • H. pylori strains can be genetically divided into seven populations that exhibit distinct geographical distributions • Native Americans have the same strain found in East Asians

40. Mesoamerican dog (with fleas) dated 200 B.C. - 500 A.D. Domesticated Animals • Native Americans had domesticated dogs in their settlements • All of these dogs were wiped out or interbred with European dogs • Remains from pre-Columbian NA dogs (Alaska,Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia) have been genetically examined • mtDNA sequences show that Native American dogs originated from Asian dogs who accompanied late Pleistocene humans across the Bering Strait

41. LDS Objections to the Genetic Studies Founder effect • If one individual harbors a significant mutation compared to the population he came from, the genetics would be skewed toward that one individual. Genetic drift • Results in isolated populations as selective breeding occurs, skewing the genetics in a particular direction

42. LDS Objections: Founder Effect • All males descended from Lehi and all females descended from Ishmael • Requires mutations of at least: • 6 Y-chromosome polymorphisms • 4 mtDNA haplotypes • 5 polymorphic Alu insertions • Helicobacter pylori • Canine mtDNA haplotypes • All mutations must occur simultaneously and must result in Asian haplotypes

43. LDS Objections: Genetic Drift • Could genetic drift over 2,600 years account for the loss of Jewish haplotypes in Native Americans? • 700 year old remains show that Native American mtDNA haplotypes have not changed significantly • The African Lemba tribe claims to have Jewish roots • More than 50% of Lemba Y chromosomes carry haplotypes that are common among Jewish populations but absent in their African neighbors

44. Other People Groups Are Primary Ancestors of Native Americans • Nephites – Same Hebrew origins • Mulekites (book of Omni) – also of Hebrew origins • Jaredites – from the Tower of Babel. All except one man were killed in a devastating war

45. Lamanites Were a Small Group in Central America Doctrine and Covenants • section 28 says that the city of Zion will be built “on the borders by the Lamanites.” • indicate that Mormon leaders were to “preach to the Lamanites” • relates the Lamanites to the “Indian tribes in the West” Gospel Principles • teaches that “The Lamanites Will Become a Great People”

46. LDS Cosmology • Matter is eternal • Habitable planets exist at the center of our galaxy

47. Matter is eternal “A large body of astrophysical observations now clearly points to a beginning for our universe about 15 billion years ago... There is, in fact, no evidence that any of the particles of matter with which we are now familiar existed before this great event.” Louis J. Clavelli, Ph.D., Professor of Physics, University of Alabama “One of the major hypotheses on which modern cosmology is based is that the Universe originated in an explosion called the Big Bang, in which all energy (and matter) that exists today was created.” Eric S Rowland, UC Santa Cruz • Since gods are created, matter must be eternal • Scientists agree that matter (along with energy, space and time) was created at the Big Bang

48. Planet Kolob is the Throne of God Pearl of Great Price • And thus there shall be the reckoning of the time of one planet above another, until thou come nigh unto Kolob, which Kolob is after the reckoning of the Lord's time; which Kolob is set nigh unto the throne of God, togovern all those planets which belong to the same order as that upon which thou standest. (PoGP:Abraham 3:9)

49. Kolob is at the Center of the Galaxy Pearl of Great Price • Kolob is the throne of God (where God supposedly lives) • Kolob “governs” other planets, including earth • Therefore, Kolob must be at the center of our galaxy, since this is the only position from which it could govern the movement of the earth, Sun, and moon.

50. Light Borrowed From Kolob Pearl of Great Price Fig. 5. Is called in Egyptian Enish-go-on-dosh; this is one of the governing planets also, and is said by the Egyptians to be the Sun, and to borrow its light from Kolob through the medium of Kae-e-vanrash, which is the grand Key, or, in other words, the governing power, which governs fifteen other fixed planets or stars, as also Floeese or the Moon, the Earth and the Sun in their annual revolutions. This planet receives its power through the medium of Kli-flos-is-es, or Hah-ko-kau-beam, the stars represented by numbers 22 and 23, receiving light from the revolutions of Kolob. (PoGP:Facsimile 2:5)