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Exploring Chordates: From Fishes to Mammals

Discover the characteristics, classification, and diversity of chordates from protochordates to early vertebrates. Learn about the evolution and unique features of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals in this insightful zoology guide.

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Exploring Chordates: From Fishes to Mammals

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  1. Zoology Donald Winslow 4 April 2008 Chordates Following Hickman et al. 2008, Ch 23 pp 497-506, 508-510, 512 (protochordates & early vertebrates)‏ Ch 24 515-540 (fishes); Ch 25 544-559 (amphibians)‏ Ch 26 563-582 (reptiles); Ch 27 586-610 (birds); Ch 28 613-640 (mammals)‏

  2. Characteristics of chordates • Notocord, often endoskeleton • Dorsal hollow nerve cords • Often predators • Pharyngeal gill slits, often become gills • Paired appendages—fins, limbs, wings • Postanal tail • Segmented myotomes

  3. Phylum Chordata • Subphylum Urochordata—tunicates • Subphylum Cephalochordata—lancelets • Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata)‏ • The fishes (paraphyletic)‏ • Class Amphibia (paraphyletic)‏ • Class Reptilia (paraphyletic)‏ • Class Aves (monophyletic)‏ • Class Mammalia (monophyletic)‏

  4. Quasi-cladistic classification • Chordata • Urochordata • Euchordata • Cephalochordata • Craniata • Myxini (hagfishes)‏ • Petromyzontida (lampreys)‏ • Gnathostomata (jawed fishes & tetrapods)‏ • Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)‏ • Teleostomi (bony fishes & tetrapods)‏

  5. The Teleostomi • Osteichthyes (bony fishes)‏ • Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)‏ • Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)‏ • Tetrapoda (terrestrial four-legged beasts)‏ • Class Amphibia • Amniota • Class Reptilia & Class Aves (birds)‏ • Class Mammalia

  6. The Fishes • Pisces, ichthyology • Superclass Agnatha (jawless fishes)‏ • Slender, eel-like, median fins • Cartilaginous skeleton, persistent notochord • No vertebrae • External fertilization, separate sexes • Superclass Gnathostomata • Jawed fishes & tetrapods

  7. Superclass Agnatha • Class Myxini (hagfishes)‏ • Feed on dead & dying animals, knots • Class Petromyzontida (lampreys)‏ • Ectoparasites • Larvae (ammocoetes) resemble Amphioxus

  8. Gnathostomes • Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes)‏ • Subclass Elasmobranchii (sharks & rays)‏ • Subclass Holocephali (chimaeras)‏ • Osteichthyes (bony fishes)‏ • Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes)‏ • Chondrosteans (sturgeon, paddlefish, bichir)‏ • Neopterygians (bowfins, gars, teleosts)‏ • Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fishes)‏ • Lungfishes & coelacanth

  9. Spotted Gar

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