420 likes | 437 Views
Learn about different types of anemia, including microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic, their causes, and treatment options. Understand hemolytic anemias, hereditary and acquired types, and complications. Find out about blood film analysis and diagnosis methods.
E N D
ANEMIA College of Medicine & KKUH 19/02/2015 Khalid Al-Anazi
Cytopenias ** Low WBC counts: - Neutropenia - Lymphocytopenia - Monocytopenia ** Low Hb level: - Normocytic Anemia - Microcytic Anemia - Macrocytic Anemia ** Low PLT counts: - Primary - Secondary - Immune & non-immune ** Pancytopenia
Common causes of anemia 1- Acute trauma and blood loss 2- Chronic infections e.g. hookworm and parasitic infections. 3- Chronic diseases e.g. chronic renal failure. 4- Nutritional anemia 5- Bone marrow failure syndromes: aplastic anemia & myelodysplastic syndrome 6- Neoplastic disorders: leukemia, lymphoma & solid tumors 7- Endocrine diseases & hormona imbalance 8- Immune mediated hemolytic anemia 9- DIC & toxin exposure
The most common causes of anemia 1- Iron deficiency anemia 2- Thalassemia 3- Sickle cell disease 4- Aplastic anemia 5- Hemolytic anemia 6- Pernicious anemia 7- Fanconi anemia
Classification of anemias 1- Microcytic hypochromic 2- Normocytic normochromic 3- Macrocytic
Treatment of anemia * Rx of cause; symptomatic Rx; DIET * Supplements: iron; folate; vit B 12 * IV iron; blood transfusion
Classification of hemolytic anemias * Hereditary or acquired * Immune or non-immune * Intravascular or extravascular; intracorpuscular or extracorpuscular * Warm antibody or cold antibody type * Membrane, enzyme or globin chain defect; drug-induced, infection or disease-related
Hereditary hemolytic anemias - Sickle cell anemia - Thalassemias - Hereditary spherocytosis - Hereditary elliptosis - G-6-PD deficiency - Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Acquired hemolytic anemias 1- Immune hemolytic anemias: (a) Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (b) Alloimmune hemolytic anemia (c) Drug-induced hemolytic anemia 2- Mechanical hemolytic anemia 3- Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria 4- Infection-related hemolysis 5- Drug-induced hemolysis
Causes of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia 1- HUS 2- TTP 3- Valve or arterial graft hemolysis 4- Mechanical: trauma and burns
Drugs that commonly cause hemolysis 1- Antimalarials: chloroquine, promaquine 2- Antimicrobials: sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, bactrim, nitrofurantoin. 3- Miscellaneous: aspirin, dapsone
Causes of Normocytic Anemia A- Anemia of chronic illness: ** Anemia of chronic renal insufficiency ** Anemia of chronic liver disease; multifactorial ** Anemia of endocrine disease: - Addison's disease - Hypothyroidism B- Hemolytic anemias: ** Sickle cell disease C- Bleeding; acute blood loss D- Nutritional E- Early iron deficiency anemia F- Mixed Anemia [Iron/Folate/Vit B12 deficiency]
Causes of Microcytic anemia 1- Iron deficiency anemia 2- Thalassemia; α , β 3- Sideroblastic anemia 4- Anemia of chronic illness 5- Anemia of inflammation 6- Lead poisoning
Causes of Macrocytosis 1- Folate deficiency 2- Vitamin-B12 deficiency 3- Pernicious anemia 4- Alcohol intake 5- Pregnancy 6- Hypothyroidism 7- Liver disease 8- Hemorrhage & hemolysis 9- Myelodysplastic syndrome & aplastic anemia 10- Multiple myeloma and acute leukemia 11- Malabsorption syndrome 12- COPD 13- Copper deficiency 14- Splenectomy 15- Drugs & Toxins: ** Arsenic poisoning ** Bactrim ** Nitrous oxide poisoning ** Metformin ** Anti-retroviral Rx ** Hydroxyurea ** Anti-TB Rx ** Methotrexate
Macrocytic anemia Common causes: 1- Diet: malmnutrition, malabsorption 2- Drugs: antifolate drugs, antimicrobials & anticonvulsdants 3- Alcohol intake 4- Liver disease 5- Thyroid disease 6- Malignancy: leukemia & myeloma 7- BM failure: MDS & aplastic anemia
THANK YOU