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Chapter 11.2

Chapter 11.2. Synthetic Chemistry. Reactions in unsaturated HC. Double/triple bond are more unstable than single bonds, they make compounds reactive. Two types of Rx: Addition Rx : elements are added to the carbon skeleton as the double/triple bonds are converted to single bonds

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Chapter 11.2

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  1. Chapter 11.2 Synthetic Chemistry

  2. Reactions in unsaturated HC • Double/triple bond are more unstable than single bonds, they make compounds reactive. • Two types of Rx: • Addition Rx: elements are added to the carbon skeleton as the double/triple bonds are converted to single bonds • Polymerization Rx: connecting monomers by breaking double bonds

  3. Four types of Addition Rx • Hydrogenation –addition of H2 • Hydration –addition of H2O • Halogenation – addition of F, Cl, Br, I • Acid hydration – addition of 1 x H and 1 x halogen

  4. Hydrogenation Rx • Breaking a double bond with H2-gas • Alkene becomes alkane • Lipid manufacturing: polyunsaturated vegetable oils (liquids) are turned into partially hydrogenated , spreadable, solid fats (margarine, shortening) • Increases shelf life and stability, less healthy • Catalyst like Pt, Ni or Pd is added to speed up Rxn

  5. Hydration • Breaking a double bond by inserting H2O • Results in a hydroxyl group on one carbon • Alkene turns in to alcohol OH CH2=CH2 + H2O→ CH3 – CH2 Ethene Ethanol

  6. Halogenation of Alkenes • Breaking the double bond with halogen gas (reactive)

  7. Acid Hydration of Alkenes • Acid (HCl) breaks into H+ and Cl- is added alkene: partial hydrogenation/halogenation • CH2 =CH2 + HCl H Cl H C C H H H

  8. Partial Hydrogenation of Oils • Chemical process where cis-double bonds in oils are saturated to form a spreadable fat with long shelf life (crisco) • The process is usually incomplete (partial) and also turns some cis-bonds into trans double bonds – trans fats • From all fat types- trans fats lead to definite artheriosclerosis

  9. Polymerization Polymer: long, potentially endless molecules • Natural polymers: cellulose, starch, proteins, DNA • Synthetic polymers: polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), Teflon, nylon. Polymerization: breaking double bonds to form connection • Use of small unsaturated alkene monomers • Names: poly(alkene monomer)

  10. Polyethylene • Example: n x ethene → polyethylene PE (polyethene )

  11. Polyvinylchloride-PVC • Hard, stable plastic • Problem: leaks Cl gas, does not degrade in landfills

  12. Styrofoam - Polystyrene • Polymerization of Ethylbenzene (styrene)

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