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Romanesque Church Construction in the 11th & 12th Century

Explore the increase in church construction during the 11th and 12th century, driven by factors such as pilgrimages, crusades, urban growth, and the need for fireproof and spacious buildings. Discover the basic characteristics of the Romanesque style and its regional variations in France, Northern Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Normandy, and England.

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Romanesque Church Construction in the 11th & 12th Century

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  1. Chapter 17

  2. 11th & 12th Century (1000-1200) Increase in church construction due to the following: pilgrimages to visit relics (said to have healing powers) crusades (literally “taking of the cross”) merged the monastic with military growing cities, expansion, increased population many earlier churches destroyed by Norsemen needed buildings that were fire proof, hold large crowds, good acoustics and lighting

  3. Basic Characteristics of Romanesque style: • breaks from old basilica hall-like space with flat walls • new interior divided into compartments (bays) • clearly defined modular units, repeated • round arch • buttress • cylindrical apse • radiating chapels • square/round towers • portals (doorways) become important area for sculptural decoration

  4. Diagram of a Romanesque portal

  5. Church and Reliquary of Sainte‐Foy, Conques, France, c. 1050–1130

  6. Interior & Plan

  7. Tympanum (portal)

  8. Reliquary statue of Sainte-Foy (Saint Faith), late 10th to early 11th century with later additions, gold, silver gilt, jewels, and cameos over a wooden core, 33 1/2 inches 

  9. Bayeux tapestry, c. 1070, embroidered wool on linen, 20 inches high (Bayeux Museum) 

  10. 4 Main Regions in Romanesque art, each with own characteristics • France/Northern Spain • Holy Roman Empire (Germany & Milan) • Normandy/England • Italy

  11. France & Northern Spain

  12. St. Sernin, Toulouse, France

  13. St. Sernin Interior

  14. Bernardus Gelduinus, Christ in Majesty, relief in ambulatory of Saint-Sernin. c. 1096

  15. Cloister of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

  16. Lions & Old Testament Prophet (Jeremiah or Isaiah?) Trumeau of south portal of St.-Pierre, Moissac, France

  17. Giselbertus, Last Judgement, West tympanum of St.- Lazare, Autun1120-1135

  18. Morgan Madonna 12th century painted wood

  19. Holy Roman Empire

  20. Speyer Cathedral, Germany

  21. Sant’ Ambrogio, Milan 11th-12th century

  22. Italy

  23. Baptistery, Cathedral, and Campanile, in Pisa. 1053-1272

  24. Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence. dedicated 1059

  25. San Miniato al Monte, Florence. 1062 and 12th century

  26. Wiligelmo, Creation and Temptation of Adam and Eve. c. 1110, Modena Cathedral, frieze

  27. King David by Benedetto Antelami. c. 1180-1190

  28. Normandy & England

  29. St.-Etienne, Caen. begun 1067

  30. Durham Cathedral, England. beg. c. 1093

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