So You Want to Be a Teacher? An Overview of Schooling in America

1. So You Want to Be a Teacher?An Overview of Schooling in America Gabriella Soliz, Emily Murray, Madelyn Wilder, Amber Winterbottom, Lydia Sawyer

2. In this chapter… In this chapter we covered the history of education and how it developed to be what it is today. In this PowerPoint we will cover how the previous goals and traditions of education has molded today’s society and what historic events in the educational system has impacted us today in our teaching.

3. Social Capital in the Educational System Note : Parents with social capitol are the ones who know how to get the best education for their children. The book definition of social capital “refers to connections among individuals that give them access to cultural and civic events and institutions.” Examples of these types of “connections” could be: museums, libraries, or travel

4. Old Deluder Satan Act - 1647 This Act mandated that every town of 5 households must appoint and pay a teacher of reading and writing, while every town of 100 households must provide a grammar school to prepare children for university. After the act was put in place new schools were established for each town. Latin grammar schools took off in Massachusetts, and these schools are considered one of the forerunners of the American high school

5. Separation of Church and State and events surrounding it Separation of church and stateis a term created by Thomas Jefferson, this term was used by Jefferson to express his opposition of using public funds to teach religion in public schools. It is still used today to resist the infusion of religion into public schools. Current issues surrounding this? One of the current issues in public schools is the requirement to say the Pledge of Allegiance every day, especially the statement “under God”

6. Bridging between Middle Schools and Junior High Schools The rise of public high school led to the need for a bridge between elementary school and high school.  Junior high school was established in the early 1900’s to bridge this gap.  Junior high school concentrated on the emotional and intellectual needs of students in grades 7, 8, and 9.  By the end of the 20th century, the middle school was gradually replacing the junior high school. 

7. Catherine Beecher and Booker T. Washington • Catherine Beecher: • challenged accepted notions of femininity and the education of women in the 19thcentury • Believed that education should prepare women to assume roles of high responsibility in society • Thought that women should train to become teachers, a profession that would be a natural extension of their family roles and she promoted educational and political equality for women. • Booker T. Washington: • advanced the education of African Americans and their representation in the teaching profession • Advocated practical, vocational education for African Americans. ADVOCATES FOR EDUCATION

8. Maxine Greene and John Dewey Similarities • Greene: • Believes that the goal of education is to help students realize that they are responsible not merely for their own individual experiences • Rather, they have a deep connection to, and responsibility for, other human beings who share this world • Believes in the arts, painting, and music • Believes that the role of education is to create meaning in the lives of students and teachers through an interaction between knowledge and experience with the world • Dewey: • Believes that students should be active participants because it gave more responsibility to students and pragmatic because it embedded teaching and learning in the context of daily living • Believes in active learning and problem solving • Believes that schools should help children learn how to live and work cooperatively with others. Common Beliefs: Both believe in hands on experiences (progressivism). They both believe in the school being a big building block to shaping a student.

9. Models for inclusion Inclusion: The integration of disabled students in classrooms with non-disabled students.   3 Forms of Inclusion: Gender Schooling, Title X- Prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex for any education program that is receiving Federal financial assistance. A school that has both male and female students. Single Sex Schooling- A private school that has either male students only or female students only. Inclusion for Special Education-  Inclusion schools will have disabled students integrated into regular classrooms, Partial Inclusion schools will have disabled students integrated some of the time, and some districts have self-contained classes (Also called special education), depending on the needs of the student population, the disabled students are kept separate from the regular classes.

10. Access to education – Colonial Period Colonial Education - based on the families for homeschooling, but they could choose to have their children sent to Dame Schools, which were homes transformed into schools by colonial women who taught reading, writing and arithmetic. Apprenticeship was another form of education in the colonies as well as Latin grammar schools. Access to Education – The Wealthy For America’s first 150 years the only pupils who had access to high quality education was wealthy, white males. Dame Schools was the only option of schooling for young girls, education was not considered important to their life’s work. Only boys were allowed apprenticeships and Latin grammar.

11. The “Common School” Movement Common School: Tax-supported public elementary schools to provide a common curriculum for children. The “father of public school Horace Mann was often criticized for supporting the common school movement because he saw it as promoting important civic virtues. He criticized private schools because they perpetuated social differences between the ordinary and wealthy class by having a wider curriculum. Schools serve as arenas for social control by having students implicitly influenced by their teachers and/or peers in moral development, becoming aware of their communities social norm and expectations and adhere to what they’ve been taught. . Examples of social control: A parochial school (Catholic or Diocese), is a religious operated school that regulates the students beliefs and morals based on the religion. In today’s education we teach students about the rules, expectations and goals in a classroom that predominantly reflect those same expectations as adults, i.e, basic manners, participation in classrooms  (community/workforce) and aspirations to get good grades to get higher education for a specific job to earn a better wage.

12. Educational Timeline 1600s – First dame schools in colonies; many boys go on to apprenticeships  1635 – First Latin grammar school opens in Boston 1647 – “Old Deluder Satan” Act in Massachusetts1700s 1751 – Franklin’s Academy 1785-87 – Lard Ordinance Act and Northwest Ordinance set aside land for public schools1800s1820s – First common schools1839 – First normal school, forerunner of teacher’s college 1852 – First compulsory attendance law1870s-90s – Rapid growth of public high schools1892 – Committee of Ten recommends revised curriculum for high schools19001909 – First Junior high school opens in Columbus, Ohio1916 – John Dewey’s Democracy and Education  1918 – Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education calls for separate tracks 19301954 – Brown v. Board of Education1950s-60s – Development of middle schools1965 – Elementary and Secondary Education Act1970s1972 – Title IX1975 – Education for All Handicapped Children Act, later revised as the individuals with Disability Education Act1983 – A Nation at Risk1980s-90s – National groups publish standards for academic disciplines  2000s2001 – No Child Left Behind Act 

13. Educational philosophies Focus of study and teacher’s role Essentialism -the focus of study where certain core kinds of knowledge are essential to a person’s life in society and the belief that everyone can and should learn these key elements. Therefore, the schools primary mission is to teach them. The teacher’s role in essentialism is to provide core academic disciplines such as math, science, English and history.  Progressivism - the focus that stresses active learning through problem solving, projects and hands on lessons. The teacher’s role is to make sure that students are active, participants in their own learning and their interest must be the driving force behind the student’s classroom experience. Perennialism - the focus that emphasis ideas conveyed through the study of great works of literature and art and they believe single core curriculum for everyone. The teacher’s role is based on extensive discussion with students and only focused on one core element. Social Reconstructionism-the focus of study where schooling promotes social and political reform focusing on social problems and changes. The teacher’s role is to guide students to think critically about social injustice and challenge oppression.Existentialism- the focus of study for students to choose their own course of study and to figure out their place in the world and the meaning of their lives. The teacher’s role is to support students in exploring their own interests. I feel as if the most consistent philosophy is Essentialism due to the aspect that it covers all four academic key elements such as mathematics, science, literature, and history. Students have access to know the basics or essential knowledge.

14. Important Educational Reforms Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas – Had an strong impact in the South because schools were segregated by law.  During this time, the efforts of integration had an significant impact but there was a lot of resistance in the schools. Bilingual Education Act of 1968 and 1974 –Bilingual Education Act was the first piece of United States federal legislation that recognized the needs of Limited English Speaking Ability (LESA) students.Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 – The most extensive federal funding of schools in America was made possible due to this Education Act. The act has lent to many important programs that allow better opportunities for students with disadvantages to include very poor students.  No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 – Revised the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and called for states to develop content-area standards and annual testing of math and reading for grades 3 and 8. Title IX – Federal law that prohibits decimation on the bases of sex and any federal funded education program or activity.  Individuals with Disabilities Education Act – To insure that all children with disabilities will receive free appropriate education just like all other students. 

15. To wrap things up… In conclusion we covered how the previous goals and traditions of education has molded today’s society and what historic events in the educational system has impacted us today in our teaching. We hope you have a greater understanding of these concepts and a greater appreciation for the history of teaching.

16. Resources Slide 2 clipart http://www.grayflannelsuit.net/blog/vintage-photo-wednesday-back-to-old-school, http://www.theschoolsupplyaddict.com/room-setup.html, http://classroomclipart.com/clipart/Clipart/History.htm Slide 3 clipart http://www.gograph.com/vector-clip-art/connections.html Slide 4 clipart https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School, http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-38095381/stock-photo-exterior-of-a-modern-american-high-school-building-with-the-american-flag-on-the-flag-pole-and-a.html Slide 5 clipart http://theodysseyonline.com/american/500-words-separation-church-state/116972 Slide 6 clipart http://www.clipartbest.com/high-school-student-clip-art, http://melroseschools.com/category/central-administration Slide 7 clipart http://civilwarwomenblog.com/catherine-beecher, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington Slide 8 clipart http://thenewschoolhistory.org/?ppl=john-dewey, http://www.tc.columbia.edu/news.htm?articleID=9496 Slide 9 clipart http://www.globaleducationalconsultants.com/inclusion.html, http://www.mormondiscussionpodcast.org/2015/03/doctrine-of-inclusion Slide 10 clipart http://asiasociety.org/global-cities-education-network/equal-access-excellent-education Slide 11 clipart https://www.powtoon.com/online-presentation/exxvUl2ZHuS/common-schools-vs-todays-schools Slide 12 clipart http://teachbytes.com/2014/01/06/4-free-tools-for-creating-web-based-timelines/ Slide 13 clipart http://abc123andcoffee.com/category/educ-201-foundations-of-education, https://www.pinterest.com/mscd6723/school/ Slide 14 clipart http://sweattoinspire.com/tag/education-reform, http://ecologyofeducation.net/wsite/education-reform-22-problems-and-a-proposal