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REFORMS. OLD DOCTRINES NEW DOCTRINES. Old Doctrine. The purposes of public sector organizations are the hard-won results of sustained democratic debate. The are set out clearly in statute or executive order.
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REFORMS OLD DOCTRINES NEW DOCTRINES
Old Doctrine The purposes of public sector organizations are the hard-won results of sustained democratic debate. The are set out clearly in statute or executive order. These formal mandates legitimate public sector organizations and also provide concrete operational guidance as to the means to be used in pursuit of public purposes. Together, mandated purposes and ends provide a basis for accountability to the public via elected officials. We rely on compliance with statutory intent to avert waste, fraud and abuse.
Old Principles • Budgets • Civil service • Athorization
New Doctrine Make public sector organizations efficient reduce costs, and adapt to changing political demands or new substantive tasks. CREATION OF PUBLIC VALUE
Reforms—within principles • Old principles guide new reforms • New reforms risk causing new problems • New problems can violate old principles
1. Apolitical civil service Principle: neutral competence Civil servants No political allegiance Therefore: serve government of the day Puzzle: Enhance power without threatening democracy
2. Decline of hierarchy • Hierarchy once ruled • New threats • Networked approaches • New alternatives • Market models • Participatory organizations • Social compliance instead of mandates
3. Permanence and stability • Assumption: permanent bureaucracy • Public service assumed to be lifetime employment • Challenge: Greater flexibility to meet new problems • Rise of contracting
4. Institutionalized civil service • Governed as corporate body • Uniform policies apply to all • Merit as foundation • Challenges • Need for temporary employment • Do temporary employees have right skills? • How to measure merit • Does it produce tension when other employment isn’t as secure?
5. Responsiveness to political officials • Beyond political neutrality • Crucial to accountability • Developing regimes • Balancing predictability and accountability with entrepreneurship and flexibility
6. Equality • Produce equality of outcomes • Clients with similar needs should receive similar benefits
Four models • Market government [Note: like New Zealand reforms] • Participative government • Team-based government • Flexible government • “Virtual organizations” • Deregulated government • More managerial freedom
Common problems • Coordination • Errors: detecting and correcting • Civil service
Nongovernmental Organizations Importance of NGOs
No theory of governance can be complete without a theory of NGOs • NGOs: mixed message/mixed motives • Community-based organizations • al Qaeda
Roles of NGOs • Political • Articulate values • Give voice to values not normally captured by governmental process • Especially in developing nations: give voice to poor, unconnected • Administrative • Serve as intermediaries for implementing state policy
Connection between civil society and government • NGOs as linkage • Legitimacy • Challenge of pluralism: why listen to any particular NGO? • Which voices are not heard? • What role should outside forces play in encouraging development of NGOs? • What risks do they take in encouraging the creation of some forces, not others?
Impact • Assess: what is the influence of NGOs on politics • Domestic • International
Administrative issues • Capacity • Administrative ability of NGOs to carry out policy • Fisher: build capacity of citizens to act on own behalf • But how much work needed to build capacity?
Dilemma • Building capacity v. fostering autonomy • NGOs as agents of government policy • Governments increasingly relying on NGOs for service delivery • Risk: conflict between governmental policy and NGO’s mission, autonomy
Public interest and NGOs • Can government use NGOs and still pursue the broader interest? • Risk: fragmentation, disenfranchisement • Must governments rely on NGOs to ensure broad base for its actions? • Broad participation, legitimacy
Big issues • Governance • Sovereignty • Capture • Equity
Governance of multinational organizations • Who governs—and how? • Who has power in formal structures? • Formal voice, through treaty • Formal policy, through procedures • Who has bargaining power in actions? Are some countries disadvantaged in process? • Imbalance of resources: political, economic
Bilateralism: alternative to multilateral governance • Problems • Too slow • Multiplies boundaries to be spanned • Can’t frame multi-nation strategies • Doesn’t produce sustainable strategies
Interest group politics • Interest group politics affects all gov’ts • Corporations globalized more quickly, more broadly than governments • Corporations have a strong interest in friction-free transactions • Corporate interests don’t represent all interests—or, necessarily, the public interest ISSUE: balancing corporate power with other interests
Equity • Do multinational organizations promote policies that destroy jobs, worsen poverty—to the advantage of large corporations?
Equity politics • Worry:Power of multinational corporations strengthened through globalization • Power strengthened at expense of the poor • What strategies can be used to help the poor in a global world? • World Bank: Comprehensive Development Framework (?)
Strategy for multinational orgs • What should be done? • Who is in charge of what?