The History of Technology

1. The History of Technology A concise history of technology dating back to the invention of the first computer.

2. How far back do you remember? • Calculators • Typewriters • Pellegrino Turri 1808 • Malling Hansen 1870 (pin cushion) • Christopher Sholes 1874 – QWERTY system Increasing poplulation produced need for better system to tabulate results of 1890 census. Herman Hooerith, Hollerith Tabulating Co. provided data processing equipment.

3. 1936 Konrad Zuse The Father of Modern Technology • 1936 Z1 mechanical only calculator/binary computer • 1939 Z-2: first fully functioning electro- mechanical computer • 1941 World’s first, electronic, fully programmable computer Z-3

4. 1939-1942 John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry • Atanasoff “The Forgotten Father of the Computer” • 1939 first electronical, digital computer prototype • granted $850 to build first full-scale computer which was desk sized and weighed 700 lbs. • 300 vacuum tubes and 1 mile of wire • Performed 1 operation in 15 seconds

5. 1944 Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper • Mark I computer: IBM’s first in conjunction with Harvard • 55’ long by 8’ high • Weighed 5 tons • Contained 760,000 separate pieces • Considered slow: took 3-5 seconds for manipulation

6. 1946 ENIAC • took 1 yr. to design and 18 mos. to build • $500,000 tax dollars and war was over • programmed with plug boards and switches • 5,000 operations per second • 1,800 sq. ft of space, 30 tons • 160 kilowatts of power -brown outs in Philedelphia

7. 1947 • Williams Tube Sir Frederick Douglas and Tom Kilburn created vacuum tube Painted dots and dashes (1,0) on tube to program computer Provided large amount of random access memory

8. 1948-1949 1948 Tom Kilburn built “The Baby” 1949 • Z-4 smuggled to Switzerland • Used until 1955 • Mechanical memory of 1,024 wires

9. 1950 • Remington Rand bought Ecker-Mauchly Corporation • Changed name to UNIVAC division of Remington Rand • UNIVAC predicted election results between Eisenhower, Stevenson • ERA 1101 (Engineering Research Associates) first commercially produced computer – US Navy

10. 1953 Jay Forrester (MIT): magnetic core memory IBM developed 701EDPM: first commercially successful general purpose computer • Aid in Korean war effort as defense calculator • 19 EDPM’s produced • Rented for $15,000 a month

11. 1954 Formula Translation • John Backus: first high level programming language • FORTRAN remains top language in scientific and mathematical applications • Video games, air traffic control systems, payroll calculations FORTRAN

12. 1955 • 11:45pm on Oct. 2, ENIAC retired AT&T Bell: first fully transistorized computer TRADIC • Contained 800 transistors instead of vacuum tubes • Transistors: cold, high efficiency amplifying devices invented at Bell Lab. • Used only 100 watts or 1/20th power of vacuum tube computers

13. 1956 • First general purpose, programmable computer built with transistors • Hosted early imaginative tests: • Western movie shown on TV • 3-D tic-tac-toe • Maze which mouse found martinis and became inebriated Era of Magnetic disk storage dawned • IBM 350 storage for RAM of Accounting and Control • 5 million bytes of data

14. Jack Kilby Robert Noyce 1958 Integrated Circuit • Two companies cross licensed creating global market now worth $1 trillion a year • IC’s replaced transistors • IC connected wiring onto a single chip made of semiconductor material

15. 1960 • IBM 7090 • First commercial transistorized computer built • Fastest computer in the world

16. 1961 • First commercially IC’s available • All computers now made using IC • Original IC size of pinkie with 1 transistor • Today’s IC’s smaller than penny with 125 million transistors

17. 1962-1964 • Steve Russell: “Spacewar” • Douglas Engelbart: created more user friendly computers • Engelbart: invented the computer mouse to use with windows (not patentable)

18. 1969 ARPAnet • Grandfather to Internet • Four computers involved • UCLA and Stanford’s first attempt failed • Resulted in better protocol called Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (1982)

19. ARPnet continued… • E-mail:(1971) • Telnet:remote connection for controlling computer(1972) • File Transfer (FTP): allowed information to be sent in bulk (1973)

20. 1973 (or 1976?) • Robert Metcalfe (Xerox) • Several computers connected within one building • Motivated by current development of first laser printer • Ethernet is now most widely LAN used

21. 1974 • First ad for PC published in magazine • Ad featured Intel 8008 “Scelbi” • $565 with 1k of programmable memory • $2,760 for extra 15k of memory

22. 1975 The Altair “Worlds First Minicomputer Kit” • 8080 CPU, 256 byte RAM • “assembly required” • 2 programmers realized need for software: Paul Allen and Bill Gates

23. BASIC • Altair kickstarted home computer revolution • Within 6 weeks, Allen and Gates compiled BASIC for Altair • BASIC required 4096 bytes of memory • (only 256 available) • 4k memory board was created but poorly designed (Bob Marsh)

24. 1975 continued • Allen and Gates started Microsoft • IBM 5100 or “Project Mercury” released • first portable computer • $10,000 price

25. 1976 • 5 ¼” floppy developed by Alan Shugart for Wang Laboratories • Needed for desktop computers

26. 1979 • WordStar:first commercially successful word processing program • Other early word processing programs include: • Electric Pencil, Apple Write I, Word, Word Perfect, Scripsit, Samnna III VisiCalc • First computer spreadsheet (ran on Apple II) • By fall, team wrote for Tandy, TRS-80, CommodorePET and Atari 800 • $100 • Sold to Lotus Development – became Lotus 1-2-3 by 1983

27. 1981 • IBM introduced PC with new 16 bit operating system called MS-DOS 1.0 • 16kb of memory expandable to 256k • 1 or 2 160k floppy disk drives • Optional color monitor • $1,565 • Built from shelf parts • IBM approached Bill Gates: suggested writing BASIC into ROM chip

28. 1981 continued • Gates referred IBM to Gary Kildall for • CP/M (control program for microcomputers) • IBM returned to Gates; agreed to allow Gates to retain rights to market MS DOS • Graphical user interface (developed in 70’s by Xerox) now popular

29. 1983 • MILnet developed: too many people had access to network information • “The Lisa” (Apple) was first computer to use GUI • Cost $50 million to build, $100 million for software • 5 Mhz, RAM 512K-2MB, 16K ROM, Lisa I had 2 internal 871K, 5 ¼” drives • Lisa II and MacIntosh XL 3.5” floppy drive

30. 1983 • Apple’s infamous $1.5 million commercial for MacIntosh Computer • MacIntosh 128K: • 8Mhz, RAM 128k, ROM 64k • Weighed 16.5 lbs. • Cost $2,495

31. PRINTERS • 1938: Chester Carlson discovered electrophotography • 1949: Haloid Co. funded Carlson; later renamed to Xerox • 1953: first high speed printer by Remington Rand • 1959: Xerox 914 copier introduced (process used today) • 1976: Inkjet developed but takes until 1988 to become popular

32. PRINTERS • 1978 • Xerox introduced 9700 laser printer – first commercial in world • Output of 120 pages per minute (still fastest) • 1984 • Hewlett-Packard = LaserJet • 8 pages per minute • “all in one toner” • Promoted re-manufacturing industry in 1986

33. COMPACT DISKS • 1970 • James T. Russell • First digital-to-optical recording and playback system • Idea ahead of its time • 1980 • First CD player made by Russell’s own company • 1985 • Philips and Sony Corporations made CD players for mass production • Licenses issued so disks and players compatible