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Impact of the Mexican Revolution on the Arts

Educational reforms of Vasconcelos. Impact of the Mexican Revolution on the Arts. Music. Literature. Murals: Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros. Mahon 2011. Ideas of the Revolution: SPIRE *. S ocial – new Mexican identity – mestizo blend P olitical – rejection of dictatorship

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Impact of the Mexican Revolution on the Arts

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  1. Educational reforms of Vasconcelos Impact of the Mexican Revolution on the Arts Music Literature Murals: Rivera, Orozco, Siqueiros Mahon 2011

  2. Ideas of the Revolution: SPIRE * • Social – new Mexican identity – mestizo blend • Political – rejection of dictatorship • Ideological – socialism, communism, anarchy • Religious – role of the church • Economic – land & labor reform Siqueiros, From the Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz to the Revolution— The People in Arms (detail), 1957–65

  3. New Ideas • Communism – Karl Marx, resources are held in common (ejidos) • Socialism – both private & public • Anarchy – no gov’t is needed Diego Rivera Paisaje Zapatista (Zapatist Landscape) 1915

  4. Educating for the Revolution,1921 Jose Vasconcelos, Minister of Education Article 3 of constitution 70-80% illiteracy rate Objective: Forge a national identity Mestiso, unique blend of races = La raza cosmica (cosmic race) Carranza Tools: Schools - 50% increase, Libraries – ~2,000 & Fine arts - academy, conservatory & symphony 1 million dead Stabilize Obregon

  5. Simple, poetic form & basic music • Common language • Themes – heroes; fighting unjust authority • 1st stanza provides a setting for the story • Structure: 6 stanzas of 6 lines each (New Corrido of Madero) OR • 9 stanzas of 4 lines each (Tillers of the Land (Track 6) Popular Music of the Revolution: Corridos – voice of the common man Pablo Picasso. Three Musicians, 1921

  6. En mil novecientos diez, en la suida de San Luis Expidio su plan Madero Pa Porfirio combatir: Empezo por Ciudad Juaez A recorrer el pais. Ah, que Madero tan hombre, Le conozco sus acciones! Derecho se fue a la carcel A echar fuera las prisiones: Virgen Santa ‘e Guadalupe Lo Ilene de bendiciones. Aqui me siento a cantar Estos versos familiares: Comenzare con la muerte De Madero y Pino Suarez, Que a Mexico traicionaron Esas fuerzas federales. In nineteen hundred and ten, In the city of San Luis (Potosi), Madero set up his plan To battle Porfirio (Diaz): He set out from Ciudad Juarez On a nationwide campaign. What a man Madero was? I know his deeds, He went straight to the jails And set free the prisoners, May the Saintly Virgin of Guadalupe Fill him with blessings. Here I sit to sing, These familiar lyrics, I’ll begin with the deaths Of Maderso and Pino Suarez And how those federal forces Betrayed Mexico. Music Nuevo Corrido De MaderoNew Corrido of Madero (Track 9)LA 4/25/1930 La viuda le dice a Huerta Que no subiera al sillon Que no despues anduviera Con dolor de corazon, Porque alla viene Carranza Con nueva revolucion. Carranza Le Puso un parte, Que no perdia la esperanza De tumbarlo de la silla Con su punal y su lanza, Para que gritaran todos: -Muchachos, viva Carranza!- Pancho Villa y Maytorena, Que en el norte se voltearon, Reconocieron las causas Que de un prencipio pelearon, Y se unieron al partido Que ellos mismos derrotaron. The widow (of Madero) told Huerta Not to assume the presidential seat, Because it would end up breaking his heart, And Carranza was coming right behind With another revolution. Carranza sent (Huerta) a message Saying he didn’t lose hope Of toppling his government By sword and knife, So that everyone would shout: “Viva Caranza!” Pancho Villa and Maytorena, Who switched sides up North, Acknowledged those they had originally fought against And joined the forces They had once defeated.

  7. Let us march, agaristas, to the fields, To sow the seeds of progress, Let us march always united, without fail, Working for the peace of our nation. We don’t want any more dissension among brothers, Let us forget our ill feelings, friends, Let the granaries be filled with wheat And may our long-awaited redemption arrive. I shall sing the song Of the agarista, It will tell you many truths, Capitalist gentlemen. This is the song of the poor Who work in the fields, Of those of us who sweat To work our land. For a long time we’ve suffered the slavery of the vanquished Until we finally could see Our people together. Ay, ay, ay… Struggling for our dreams Many of our brothers died, May God have them in heaven. Porfirio and his government Formed by dictators Never listened to the complains And demands of the people. Always work, and more work, And always owing to the company store, And when harvest time came The sharecropper ended up losing. Our hovels and shacks Were always filled with grief, We lived like animals Surrounded by wealth. Ay, ay, ay…etc. Music El Corrido Del AgraristaTillers of the Land (Track 6)New York, 08/1929 Spoken: The tenth parter If to an inn or café A poor man arrives Immediately a servan comes out Saying: “you have to wait.” But if it is a rich man Who asks for a meanl or a drink, They say: “ May I help you, sir, Please order, what will you have?’ Because in this establisment The poor man is out of place.” The ranchers, on the other hand, Owners of life and land, Acted with indifference, Without hearing our complaints.

  8. Music Classical – The Symphonic Voice • Carlos Chavez – composer (1899-1978) • 1921 - Mexican nationalist music with Aztec themes • Elevates indigenous musical elements • Rhythms • Sounds • Instruments

  9. Music Silvestre Revueltas – composer (1899-1949) • Colleague of Chavez • Movie, Redes, 1934 – community fights corruption

  10. Literature – Voice of the Educated • Mariano Azuela (1875-1952) • Los de abajo [the Underdogs] (1915) Rivera´s paintings with Poncho Villa and Zapata, National Palace Martin Luis Guzman (1887-1976) La sombra del caudillo (1929) critique of Calles’ regime

  11. The Visual Arts - Muralists Rivera Siqueiros Orozco

  12. Visual Arts Post-Revolutionary Art of Mexico LEADER: Gerardo Murillo, Dr. Atl (1875-1964) • Academy of San Carlos • Cooperative works • Murals, art for the public • National identity in indigenous cultures • Art as a force for change • 1914 supports Carranza against Villa/Zapata Self-portrait

  13. Visual Arts Realism - Associated with: Positivism Science = path to knowledge Stepping stones to knowledge supplied thru observing & measuring (Empirical knowledge) & Porfirio Diaz’s cientificos Salvador Murillo El Puente del Chiquihuite (The Chiquihuite Bridge) ca. - 1875 – Porfiriato 1876 -1910

  14. Visual Arts Muralist Diego Rivera 1886-1957 Absent during revolution (*) 1921 Communist member & editor – El machete Expelled for bourgeois association National union for artists with Orozco & Siqueiros Frieda Kahlo & Diego Rivera 1931 Husband of Frieda Kahlo Diego Rivera,,Self-Portrait,1941Smith College Museum of Art, MA Surrealism

  15. Diego RiveraThe History of Mexico: Tierra y Libertad, Central Arch Detail, 1929-1935 Fresco Mexico City, National Palace, Central Arch • Zapata - top • Bottom - struggle of native peoples against Spanish • Aztec symbol – eagle with the serpent • Father Miguel Hildago, hero of independence from Spain • Inquisition

  16. Diego Rivera The History of Mexico: Mexico Tomorrow 1935National Palace, Mexico City • Rebels hung • Huelga - strike • Rebels about to be shot • Corrupt priest • Communist flag

  17. Diego RiveraMan at the Crossroads 1934, Palace of Fine Arts, Mexico City

  18. Diego RiveraCity College of San Francisco - Panel 1 Pan- American Unity 1940 fresco, 6.74 x 22.5m Glorification of Pre-Hispanic Civilization Harmony of technology & culture (*)

  19. Jose Clemente Orozco 1883-1949

  20. Orozco The Rich Banquet while the Workers Fight, 1923 Pro-worker, anti-imperialist Cortés and Malinche,  1926 Mestizo culture

  21. Jose Clemente Orozco:The Dartmouth Mural 1932-34

  22. Jose Clemente Orozco Details, Dartmouth murals Ancient Human Sacrifice * Gods of the Modern World

  23. Miguel Hildago , "The People and Its Leaders" government palace

  24. David Alfaro Siqueiros 1896-1974 Man of action -14yrs old fought in revolution Politically active Interfered with ability to complete some works Introduced new materials & tools – spray gun

  25. Siqueiros David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896 - 1974) Campesinos (Peasants) ca. 1913 Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz to the Revolution, The People in Arms

  26. Siqueiros Portrait of the Bourgeoisie, 1940

  27. David Alfaro Siqueiros The New Democracy1944 Palace of Fine Arts, Mexico City

  28. Summary Slide • Ideas of the Revolution • Education program of Vasconcelos • Music – corridos, classical – Chavez & Revueltas • Literature - Azuela & Guzman • Muralists – Rivera, Orozco, & Siqueiros

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