Chapter 11, Sections 3,4

1. Chapter 11, Sections 3,4 How did the Modernist Movement affect Europe?

2. To retain the workers' support, the Liberals voted for social reforms, such as unemployment benefits and old-age pensions. In 1900, a new British Labour Party emerged and dedicated itself to the interests of workers.

3. The old ruling groups in Germany, Russia and Austria continued to dominate politics in the 19th Century.

4. American steel and iron production was the best in the world in 1900. Industrialization led to urbanization. Between 1860 and 1914, the United States shifted from a farm-based economy to an industrial economy.

5. In 1908 Austria-Hungary took the drastic step of annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbia was outraged. The Russians, self-appointed protectors of their fellow Slavs, supported the Serbs and opposed the annexation. The sides were set for war.

6. Modernism: a movement in which writers and artists between 1870 and 1914 rebelled against the traditional literary and artistic styles that had dominated European cultural life since the Renaissance.

7. Artists tended to focus less on mirroring reality, which the camera could do, and more on creating reality (Pablo Picasso’s cubism) By the late 1800s, artists were seeking new forms of expression to reflect their changing worldviews. Impressionism (Claude Monet) and post-impressionism(Vincent Van Gogh) sprung up.

8. Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer. The French scientist Marie Curie discovered that an element called radium gave off energy, or radiation, that apparently came from within the atom itself.

9. If the patient's conscious mind could be made aware of the unconscious and its repressed contents, the patient could be healed (through psychoanalysis). Sigmund Freud believed human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences and internal forces of which people were largely unaware.

10. Social Darwinists like Herbert Spencer argued that social progress came from "the survival of the fittest". This allowed some people to reject the idea that they should take care of the less fortunate.

11. Extreme nationalists used the belief to justify racism, or the belief that some peoples were superior to others. This led to anti-Semitism, or hostility toward and discrimination against Jews.