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Charles Robert Darwin 1809-1882

Charles Robert Darwin 1809-1882. Studied medicine, theology, then became a naturalist First scientific work was a geologic field trip with Adam Sedgwick Uniformatarianist, mentored by Charles Lyell. Voyage of the Beagle 27 Dec. 1831- 2 Oct. 1836. Galapagos Tortioses.

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Charles Robert Darwin 1809-1882

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  1. Charles Robert Darwin 1809-1882 • Studied medicine, theology, then became a naturalist • First scientific work was a geologic field trip with Adam Sedgwick • Uniformatarianist, mentored by Charles Lyell

  2. Voyage of the Beagle 27 Dec. 1831- 2 Oct. 1836

  3. Galapagos Tortioses

  4. Galapagos finches

  5. Central concepts of Natural Selection • The Malthusian Principle dictates that more organisms will be born than can survive • What determines survival? Characteristics of the organism. This is Natural Selection • If there is inheritance, then the survivors will pass on the characteristics that enabled them to survive • Those characteristics will be more pronounced in the next generation (evolution by natural selection) Nt=N0ert where r = fitness, or birth rate minus death rate e = base of natural logarithm, 2.7182 N0= number of organisms at time zero Nt = number of organisms at time t

  6. Darwinian Gradualism • Uniformatarianism translated into the fossil record • Represents the traditional view of rates of evolution • Distinction between continuity and rapidity

  7. Darwinian Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium

  8. Darwin’s answer to Huxley • Naturae non facit saltum (or does it?)

  9. The Modern Synthesis • Mendelian genetics and Natural selection combined in one theoretical system • Outgrowths include Mayr’s Allopatric Speciation – terms to understand: genetic isolation, gene flow, peripheral isolate

  10. Dealing with evolution and species in the fossil record How to recognize: • Sexual dimorphism • Juvenile vs adult stages How to deal with • Gradational change (J. Marvin Weller vs G.G. Simpson)

  11. Common themes in the study of evolution • Tempo: e.g. Gradualism vs Punctuated Equilibrium (Eldredge and Gould, 1972) • Mode: e.g. allopatry vs sympatry • Direction: e.g. Cope’s Rule, increasing complexity, adaptive radiation, convergence, iterative evolution, “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”, increasing diversity (Raup’s rock volume effect)

  12. ADAPTATIONS • Specialized structures (and behaviors) which alter fitness. • Arise from selection applied to population variability. • Each step in development must be viable and at least not strongly “unfit” • Analysis involves functional morphology

  13. Seilacher’s Triangle Phylogenetic Corner Ecological- Adaptive Corner Constructional Corner

  14. Ostracodes: a parody of Rudwickian optimization

  15. Beware the Spandrels

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