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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Early African Societies & The Bantu Migrations. A View of Egypt by Satellite. Development of African Agriculture. Sahara desert originally highly fertile region Western Sudan region nomadic herders, c. 9000 BCE Domestication of cattle c. 7500 BCE

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Early African Societies & The Bantu Migrations

  2. A View of Egypt by Satellite

  3. Development of African Agriculture • Sahara desert originally highly fertile region • Western Sudan region nomadic herders, c. 9000 BCE • Domestication of cattle c. 7500 BCE • Later, cultivation of sorghum, yams, increasingly diverse • Widespread desiccation of the Sahara c. 5000 BCE

  4. The Gift of the Nile Gradual, predictable flooding • Inundation (July-October) • Sprouting • Summer Communication: • Nubia-Egypt • Current: north • Winds: south • Sub-Saharan Africa-Mesopotamia Increased in importance w/ desiccation of Sahara

  5. The Nile Valley, 3000-2000 BCE The Delta & The Cataracts

  6. Early Agriculture in Nile Valley • 10,000 BCE migrants from Red Sea hills (northern Ethiopia) • Introduce collection of wild grains, language roots of Coptic • 5000 BCE Sudanic cultivators, herders migrate to Nile river valley • Adaptation to seasonal flooding of Nile through construction of dikes, waterways • Villages dot Nile by 4000 BCE

  7. The Annual Flooding of the Nile

  8. Impact on Political Organization • As in Mesopotamia a need for formal organization of public affairs • Need to maintain order and organize community projects • Egypt: simple, local irrigation projects • Rural rather than heavily urban development • Trade networks develop

  9. The Fertile Nile Valley

  10. Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

  11. Ancient Egyptian History

  12. Unification of Egypt • Legendary conqueror Menes, c. 3100 unifies Egyptian kingdom • Sometimes identified with/as Narmer • Tradition: founder of Memphis, cultural and political center of ancient Egypt • Instituted the rule of the Pharaoh • Claimed descent from the gods • Absolute rulers, had slaves buried with them from 2600 BCE • Most powerful during Archaic Period (3100-2660 BCE) and Old Kingdom (2660-2160 BCE)

  13. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

  14. The Pyramids • Symbols of the pharaoh’s authority and divine status • A testimony of the pharaohs’ ability to marshal Egypt’s resources • Largest Khufu (Cheops) 2.3 million limestone blocks w/ average weight of 2.5 tons • Role: burial chambers for Pharaohs

  15. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

  16. The Valley of the Kings

  17. Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

  18. “Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

  19. The Great Sphinx

  20. Valley of the Kings View of the central East Valley

  21. The Valley of the Kings

  22. Relations with Nubia • Competition over Nile trade • Military conflict between 3100-2600 BCE • Drives Nubians to the south • Established Kingdom of Kush, c. 2500 BCE • Trade, cultural influences continue despite military conflict

  23. The New Kingdom Imperial Egypt, 1400 BCE • Few pyramids, but major monumental architectural projects • Engaged in empire-building to protect against foreign invasion • Local resistance drives Egypt out of Nubia • Kingdom of Kush revives c. 1100 BCE • Invasions of Kushites, Assyrians destroy Egypt mid 6th century BCE

  24. Egyptian Urban Culture • Major cities along Nile river, especially at delta • Memphis c. 3100 BCE, Heliopolis c. 2900 BCE • Nubian cities include Kerma, Napata, Meroë • Located at cataracts of the Nile • Well-defined social classes • Pharaohs to slaves • Archaeological discoveries in Nubia also support class-based society • Patriarchal societies, notable exceptions: female Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473-1458 BCE)

  25. Egyptian Social Hierarchy

  26. Egyptian Nobility

  27. Egyptian Priestly Class

  28. Ancient Egyptian Housing Middle Class Homes Peasant Homes

  29. Scenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

  30. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

  31. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

  32. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves” Mirror Perfume Whigs

  33. Economic Specialization • Bronze metallurgy introduced late, with Hyksos invasion • Development of iron early, c. 900 BCE • Trade along Nile river • More difficult in Nubia due to cataracts • Sea trade in Mediterranean

  34. Hieroglyphs • “Holy Inscriptions” • Writing appeared at least by 3200 BCE • Pictographic supplemented with symbols representing sounds and ideas • Survives on monuments, buildings and sheets of papyrus • Hieroglyphs for formal writing, hieratic script for everyday affairs used from 2600 BCE – 600 CE • Adopts Greek alphabet – demotic and Coptic scripts • Meroitic writing - flexible system borrowed from hieroglyphs, represents sounds rather than ideas

  35. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

  36. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”

  37. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

  38. Egyptian Scribe

  39. Papyrus plant growing in a garden, Australia Egyptian Papyrus Drawing Papyrus  Paper Hieratic Scroll Piece Papyrus Plant

  40. Development of Organized Religious Traditions • Principal gods Amon and Re • Religious tumult under Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) (r. 1364-1347 BCE) • Introduces sole worship of sun god Aten • One of the world’s earliest expressions of Monotheism • Death of Akhenaten, traditional priest restore the cult of Amon-Re to privileged status

  41. Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

  42. Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) • Akhenaten was the only pharaoh to try and introduce the idea of monotheism to the polytheistic Egyptians. • Because he predated Zoroaster by approximately 700 years, he is considered the first monotheist. • The one god he believed in was the sun, represented by Aton, god of the sun disc.

  43. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:“The Sacred ‘Trinity’” Osiris Isis Horus

  44. Mummification and the Afterlife • Inspiration of the cycles of the Nile • Belief in the revival of the dead • First: ruling classes only, later expanded to include lower classes • Cult of Osiris • Lord of the underworld • Power to determine who deserved immortality • Held out hope of eternal reward for those who lived moral lives • Nubian worship of Apedemak and Sebiumeker

  45. The Final Judgement Anubis Horus Osiris

  46. Preparations for the Underworld ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather. Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

  47. Preparation for the Afterlife

  48. Egyptian Mummies Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E. Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.

  49. Journey to the Underworld The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.” A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.

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