lgjf{rg k|0ffnL

1. lgjf{rg k|0ffnL k:tf]tf s'df/ Oªgfd

2. != kl/ro M -s_ lgjf{rgsf] k[i7e"dL -v_ g]kfndf lgjf{rg k|s[ofsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L -u_ lgjf{rgsf k|sf/ kl/ro -s_ Psn :yfg • a9Ldt lgjf{rg • ax'dt lgjf{rg • rqm lgjf{rg, tTsfn rqm lgjf{rg • k|fyldstfk"0f{ lgjf{rg -v_ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg • kf6L{ ;'lr -v'Nnf / aGb_ • Psn ;+qmd0fLo dt • ldl>t ;b:o -u_ cw{ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg • ;dfgfGt/ dtbfg • Psn c;+qmd0fLo dt -3_ c;dfg'kflts ax':yfg • Psd'i7 dt • l;ldt dt -3_ :jtGq / lgZkIf lgjf{rgsf tTjx?

3. @= lgjf{rgsf] cGt/fli6«o dfkb08 / gd'gfof]Uo k|of]u -s_ lgjf{rg clwsf/sf] Joj:yf / k|of]u -!_ UDHR -@_ CERD -#_ ICCPR -$_ CPRW -%_ CEDAW -v_ ljZjdf ckgfOPsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] emns -u_ gd'gfof]Uo lgjf{rg k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u a9Ldt k|0ffnL M a]nfot / To;sf] kmfObf, a]kmfObf ;dfg'kflts ld>Lt k|0ffnL M hd{gL / To;sf] kmfObf, a]kmfObf k|fyldstfk"0f{ k|0ffnL M ci6]«lnof / To;sf] kmfObf, a]kmfObf -3_ ljBdfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg / lgjf{rg Joj:yf kl/ro

4. #= ;d:ofsf] ljj]rgf -s_ ;d:ofx? -v_ c;/x? $= lgZsif{

5. != kl/ro M -s_ lgjf{rgsf] k[i7e'ld M • gful/snfO{ /fhlso x}l;ot lbnfpg / ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xLsf kbk"tL{ ug{, pQd k|ltlglw 5gf}6 ug{, cfkm\gf] efjgf k|ltljlDjt / k|ltlglwTj ug{ cfjZos kb{5 . • k|ltlglwx?sf] rogdf JolQmsf] /fHo, ;d'bfo k|lt OdfGbf/ ;dk{0f xf];\ / Ifdtf, bIftf, cfjZostf afx]s cGo afXo tTjx?n] 5gf}6 sfo{df sd eGbf sd k|efj k'¥ofcf]; eGg] wf/0ff /fvL cfOPsf] 5.dtbfg lj=l;= ^ ztfAbLdf Py]G;df z'? ePsf] / !# cf}+ ztfAbLdf e]lg;sf] u|]6 sfpG;Lnsf] lgjf{rgdf k|of]u ePsf] . • !&&) df Jean Charles de Borda n] lgjf{rg k4lt ljsf; u/] . Psn ;+qmd0fLo dtljlw Carl Andrae, 8]gdfs{ (!*%^_ / Thomas Hare a]nfot (!*%&_, Andrew InglisClark, t:dgLof (!*(^_ x?n] lgjf{rg ljlw ljsf; u/L k|of]udf NofP .

6. lgjf{rgsf] dxTj • clwstd / k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfsf nflu dtbftfx?nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]/ dfq oyfy{k"0f{ kfg{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] . • dtåf/f k|ltlglwTj ug'{ tyf u/fpg' eGbf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] lgjf{rg ljlw cem dxTjsf] x''gfn] . • ;a} ljrf/, ;d'x, ln+u, hftL ;d]tsf] plrt k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ ;/sf/ / /fHosf] >f]t af8FkmfF8 ug]{ / sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ x}l;ot k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ eP/ .

7. -v_ g]kfndf lgjf{rgsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/LM • ls/fFtsfnsf] ækfg t'DofËÆ, lnR5jLsfnsf] æk~rfnLÆ dNn sfnsf] æk~r ;Dd'RroÆ, k"j{ zfxsfnsf] / /f0ffsfnsf] ædfGohg srx/LÆ . • !(*# a}zfv ! df bfª b]pv'/Ldf, !(*& df pkTosfdf, !((@ df k"j{ @, # g+= / ;Kt/Lsf s]xL 7fpFdf :yflgo JolQmx?åf/f k|ltlglwsf] 5gf}6. • @))$ klxnf] ;+ljwfg xf] h;n] lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Joj:yf gu/L /fi6« ;efdf dgf]lgt / lgjf{rLt ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf], cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& sf] wf/f $@ -!_ -@_ n] lgjf{rg cfof]u / lgjf{rg;Fu ;DaGwLt Joj:yf .

8. @))* df hgk|ltlglwTj P]g, @)!% df g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] kl/lwdf /xL h]i7 !(, @)!% df cfd r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff / kmfu'g &, @)!% df !)( ;b:oLo k|ltlglw ;efsf] P]ltxfl;s ?kn] @! jif]{ jflns dt k|of]u u/L lgjf{rg ePsf] }+. • @)!( ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg, wf/f *& n] lgjf{rg ;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L !$) ;b:oLo /fli6«o k~rfotdf !!@ :yfgdf / :yflgo txdf ufpF k~rfot, lhNnf k~rfot, gu/ k~rfot / c~rn k~rfotsf] lgjf{rg, • g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$&, wf/f !)#, !)* ;Dd lgjf{rg cfof]u / lgjf{rg ;DaGwL P]gsf] Joj:yfdf uf=lj=;=, lh=lj=;= k|ltlglw ;ef / /fli6«o ;efsf] lgjf{rg Joj:yf qmlds ?kdf ul/Psf] . • :yflgo :jfot zf;g P]g @)%% / • g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# wf/f !@*–!#) df lgjf{rg cfof]u ;d]t lgjf{rgsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] .

9. ufpF k~rfot P]g @))^ b]lv :yflgo :jfot zf;g P]g @)%% / /fli6«o k~rfot -:gfts k|ltlglwTj, juL{o tyf Joj;flos k|ltlglwTj / c~rn ;ef k|ltlglwTj_ P]g @)!( / /f=k+=;= lgjf{rg P]g @)## b]lv k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rg P]g @)$& / To;aLr k|of]udf NofOPsf P]gåf/f tf]lsPsf] lgjf{rg k4ltx? Psn :yfg jf ax':yfg a9L dt k4ltdf cfwfl/t ePsf] kfOG5 . lgjf{rgdf b/jf/, 7s'/L, If]qL, afx'g hfltx?sf] ;xhtf, ;Ddfgsf] dfWod ePsf] / lglZrt hflt æSnf]gÆ sf nflu l;ldt ePsf] b]lvG5 . • @)$& sf] kl/jt{g kl5 klg cfwf hg;+Vof ePsf dlxnf ju{ / ^) % eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] blnt, t/fO{ hfltx?sf] Hofb} sd k|ltlglwTj ePsf] / dt k|ltztsf] cfwf/df cNkdtåf/f ax'dt pk/ a9LdtLo lg/+s'ztf nflbPsf] 5 .

11. -s_ Psn :yfg k|lt:kwf{ M Psn ;+;bLo :yfgsf nflu cjnDaLt o; lgjf{rg k|s[of cGt/ut lgDg k|s[ofx? k|rngdf kb{5g . • Plurality -a9L dt k|0ffnL_Plurality k|s[ofnfO{ æh;n] a9L NofpF5 To;n] lhTb5Æ -First past the post_ jf æljhoLs} ;a}Æ -Winner take all_ eGg] :jLsf/LG5 . • lhTg] pDd]bjf/n] NofPsf] dt v;]sf] s'n dtsf] sDtLdf ax'dt x'G5 jf x'Fb}g eg]/ dtnj ul/b}g . • ;a}eGbf a9L eg]sf] sltnfO{ dfGg] eGg] vf;} lglZrt ;+Vof geP/ æk|lt:kwL{x? dWo] ;a} eGbf a9LÆ ;Fu dfq ;DaGw /fVg] x'Fbf æ3f]8r9L bf}8df hf] klxnf] x'G5Æ -Horse Riding_ ;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . ef/t, cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, nufot k"j{ j]nfotL pklgj]zL ljZjsf *@ d'n'sx?df ckgfOPsf] kfOG5 .

12. kmfObf !=b'O{ bnjLr 5gf}6sf] pQd cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . @= Ps bnLo ax'dtdf :yL/ ;/sf/sf] cfwf/ aGb5 . #= dtbftf / k|ltlglw jLr uf9f ;DaGw sfod ub{5 . $= sd ;fIf/ dtbftfsf nflu / dtu0fgfsf nflu ;a}eGbf ;/nx'G5 . %=of]Uo, bIf pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 ug{ k|]l/t ub{5 / of]Uoaf6 zfl;t x'g ;lsG5 . ^= k|ltlglwx?nfO{ lgjf{rg If]q k|lt a9L hjfkmb]xL agfp5 .

13. a]kmfObf != cNkdtn] zf;g ub{5 . @= ;a} dtsf] plrt sb/ / k|ltlglwTj sb/ x'Fb}g, dt v]/ hfG5 . lgjf{rg b'O{ bndf l;ldt x'G5 . #= dt ;+Vof / lgjf{rLt :yfgaLr ;DaGw /xFb}g . $= cNk;+Vof, hflt, au{, ;d"bfosf] r'gfj dfkm{t plrt k|ltlglwTj x'Fb}g. % ;'/IfLt lgjf{rg If]q / ;'lglZrt lhtsf nflu an, k};f, zlQm, kb, ;/sf/L >f]t / x}l;ot b'?kof]u x'g] clwstd ;+efjgf x'G5 . If]qLo / lgjf{rg If]q d'vL agfpF5 . ^= g/fd|f] pDd]bjf/ kf6L{sf] 5jLn] lhTg] / /fd|f] pDd]bjf/ kf6L{sf] abgfdLn] xfg{ ;Sg] x'G5 . &= a]sf/ dtk|lt pbf;Lg agfpF5 . *= lgjf{rg If]q kl/jt{g eO{/xg ;S5 .

14. ax'dt lgjf{rg M Run Off Voting - rqm_ lgjf{rg pDd]bjf/n] :ki6 ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df :ki6 ax'dtsf] nflu af/Daf/ ul/g] lgjf{rg k|s[of -rqm dtbfg_ sf lgDg 9fFrfx? k|rngdf 5g\ . • Two Round System -b'O{ rqm k|0ffnL_ M • o; Joj:yf cGt/ut b'O{ k6s lgjf{rg x'G5, • bf];|f] r/0fdf ;a}eGbf a9L dt k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bjf/x? aLr s'g} Ps pDd]bjf/sf] :ki6 ax'dtsf nflu lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL u/fOG5 . cGo pDd]bjf/x? bf];|f] lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL gu/fOg] x'Fbf o; lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/n] :ki6 ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5 lsgsL cl3Nnf] lgjf{rgdf ;xefuL cGo pDd]bjf/nfO{ nufOPsf] dt b'O{ hgf k|lt:kwL{ pDd]bjf/x? aLr nufpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

15. k|]mGr /fli6«o ;ef -Assembly_, a|flhn, kf]r'{un, ci6«Lof, lkmgn]08, 3fgfsf] /fi6«klto lgjf{rg / cd]l/sL ljleGg /fHox?df bf]xf]¥ofP/ lgjf{r ug]{ k|rng 5 . oBkL bf];|f] lgjf{rgdf b'O{ pDd]bjf/x?aLr dtbfg ePsf] cj;:yfdf :ki6 ax'dt cfjZos 7flgb}g . ;fk]IfLt ax'dt g} pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'g k|ofKt dflgG5 . k|]mGr /fli6«o ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf !@=% % eGbf sd dt k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bjf/ pDd]bjf/sf] gfdaf6 cnu ul/G5 / afFsL pDd]bjf/x?nfO{ bf];|f] r/0fsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu of]Uo dflgG5 . h:tf] ljd/ hd{gLsf] /fi6«kltsf] bf];|f] r/0fsf] lgjf{rgdf :ki6 ax'dt cfjZos lyPg .

16. Exhaustive Ballot -emGeml6nf] dt_M • b'O{ r/0f lgjf{rgdf s'g} klg Ps pDd]bjf/n] :ki6 ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df ;a} eGbf sd dt k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bjf/nfO{ pDd]bfj/Laf6 x6fO{ s'g} Ps pDd]bjf/n] :ki6 ax'dt k|fKt gu/] ;Dd lgjf{rg u/L /xLG5 . • dtbftfx?n] w/} k6s dtflwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kg]{ x'Fbf cfd lgjf{rgdf of] k|s[of Jojxfl/s dflgb}g . • a]nfotL n]j/ kf6L{n] cfkm\gf] bnaf6 of]Uo ;+;bLo lgjf{rg pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ of] k|s[of k|rngdf NofPsf] 5 .

17. Instant- run off voting (IRV)-tTsfn rqm dtbfg_ • obL Psn pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6sf] nflu ePsf] lgjf{rgdf s'g} klg pDd]bjf/n] :ki6 ax'dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|fKt k|fyldstf qmdsf] cfwf/df pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 . dtbfgs} qmddf k|To]s dtbftfn] k|fyldstf tf]sL dtbfg ub{5g\ / of] k|s[ofdf k6s k6s dtbfg ug{sf] abnfdf dtbfgdf JoQm k|fyldstfn] pDd]bjf/ 5fGg k6s k6s dtkqsf] uGtL ul/G5 . • k|To]s u0fgfdf ;a} eGbf sd dt ePsf] pDd]bjf/sf] dt dtkqdf JoQm k|fyldstfsf] bf];|f], t];|f] k|fyldstfsf pDd]bjf/nfO{ :tfgft/0f ul/G5 . s'g} pDd]bjf/n] :ki6 ax'dt k|fKt gu/];Dd of] k|s[of bf]xf]¥ofOG5 .

18. ci6]«lnofsf] k|ltlglw ;ef, lkmhLsf] k|ltlglw ;ef, >Ln+sf, cfo/n}08sf] /fi6«klt / kfk'cf Go'lugLsf] /fli6«o ;ef lgjf{rgdf ckgfOPsf] 5 . • Ps} kl/0ffd eP klg ci6]«lnofdf k|yfldstfqmdsf] dtbfg -Preferential Voting_ / a]nfot tyf cfo/n}08df j}snKtLs dtbfg -Alternative Vote_ / cd]l/sfdf o;nfO{ qmdR5f dtbfg -Ranked Choice Voting_ gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L OR5Lt pDd]bjf/ / ;f]xL OR5f cg';f/sf] qmd @, # åf/f qmlds tx -Rank_ OR5f dtdf JoQm x'g] x'G5 . k|of]u ug]{ b]zsf] ;+Vof M #)

19. ;a}eGbf sd dt eP lghnfO{ k|fKt dt k|fyldstfsf] qmddf x:tfGt/0f x'g] x'Fbf lghsf] gfd pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLaf6 x6fO bf];|f] k6s u0fgf ul/Fbf ;"rLaf6 x6fOPsf] pDd]bjf/sf] dt u0fgf gu/L lghkl5sf] qmdsf] pDd]bjf/sf] dfq dt u0fgf ul/G5 . • emGem6Lnf] dtbfgsf] ljsNksf] ?kdf ckgfOPsf] of] k|s[ofdf ;Dk"0f{ pDd]bjf/nfO{ qmdfg';f/ pNn]v ul/g' kg]{ x'Fbf k"0f{ k|fylds dtbfg klg elgG5 . w]/} pDd]bjf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf dtbftfn] cfkm'v'zL k|fyldstf tf]Sg] x'Fbf Donkey Voting sf] 8/ x'g ;S5 .

20. kmfO{bf != sDtLdf ax'dtsf] k|ltlglw agfpF5 . @= bf]>f] r/0fsf] dtbfg a9L ;'lglZrt -/fd|f] dWo] /fd|f] 5fGg] cj;/_ x'G5 . #= qmd tf]Sg gkg]{ x'Fbf ;/n x'G5 . $= tTsfn rqmdf bf]>f] dtbfg geO{ dtbftfn] tf]s]sf] qmdsf] u0fgf qmdzM ul/g] x'Fbf vr{ sd x'G5 .

21. a]kmfO{bf != lgjf{rg emGeml6nf] / vlr{nf] x'G5 . @= lgjf{rg kl/0ffd l9nf] k|fKt x'g] x'Fbf c:yL/tf x'g] / dtbftf plrt k|ltlglwsf] cefjdf pbfl;g x'G5 . #= a9Ldtsf] cGo a]kmfObf oyfjt /xG5 . $= tTsfn rqmdf k|fyldstf qmd tf]Sg ;fdfGo dtbftfnfO{ ;d:of x'G5 .

22. k|fyldstf qmdk"0f{ dtbfg M • dtbftfsf] k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ ;lsg], • Psn pDd]bjf/ ax'dt lgjf{rg k|s[ofsf nflu k|o'Qm x'g] . • o; lgjf{rgdf k|fyldstf qmd tf]Sg qmd g+= qmd gfd, qmd lrGx cfbL 9fFrf dtkqdf /fVg ;lsG5 . • k|fyldstfqmdk'0f{ lgjf{rgdf dtbftfn] lgjf{rgdf qmd -Rank_ / :t/ -Rate_ tf]sg / dtåf/f ljsNk /fVg ;lsg] x'Fbf o;nfO{ j}sNkLs dt k|0ffnL klg elgG5 . • ci6«]lnof, gf}?, kfk'jfGo'lugL -!(^$–!(&%_, lkmhL -!(((_ df k|of]u .

23. kmfO{bf != bf]>f], t]>f] k|fyldstfn] dtbftfsf] dtsf] k"0f{ ;Ddfg ub{5 . @= cfkm\gf] bn afx]s cGo bnnfO{ dt lbFbf bnx?aLr ;f}xfb{tf a9fpg / v08Lt ;dfhdf Pstf z'qsf] sfd ub{5 . #= t'?Gt} r'gfj ubf{sf] emGem6 / vr{ cGt u/]/ klg ;dfg kl/0ffd k|bfg ub{5 . $= of]Uo pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf]6 x'g] / ef}uf]lns c;dfgtf cGTo ub{5 . %= k|ltlglw / pDd]bjf/jLr ;f}xfb{ ;DaGw x'G5 .

24. a]kmfO{bf != k|fyldstf tf]Sg ;fIf/ / lzlIft geP ;Dej x'Fb}g . @= Psn :yfg lgjf{rgdf c;dfg'kflts kl/0ffdsf] 8/ x'G5 . #= dtu0fgf emGeml6nf] x'G5 . $= ljeflht ;dfhsf nflu pko'Qm eP klg cGo dtbftfsf] qmdf+ssf] ;DaGwn] ;f]r]sf] ;d"bfosf] k|ltlglwTj x'g ;Qm}g .

25. -v_ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|s[of M • ;Dk"0f{ dtsf] ;dfg ;b'kof]u ub}{ hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf k|ltlglwx?sf] 5gf}6 ug{ k|of]u x'g] k"0f{ k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|s[of, • dt;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;+Vof to x'gfn] ;fgf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf ;d'bfo, ju{, Joj;foL, hftLsf] ;d]t ;f]xL ?kdf k|ltlglwTj x'g], • k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu cfjZos dt æsf]6fÆ / pDd]bjf/L k|s[of cfjZostf cg';f/ lgwf{/0f x'g], • ax'dt lgjf{rg k|s[of cjnDag ug]{ b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf of] k|ltlglwTj k|s[of a9L nf]slk|o ePsf], • a]nfot nufot ;Dk"0f{ o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf ;b:o /fi6«af6 o'/f]lkog ;+;bsf] k|ltlglwTj oxL k|s[of dfkm{t ePsf],

26. a]nfotsf] :s6L; ;+;b / j]n; /fli6«o ;ef, Sofg8fsf kfFr k|fGtx? la|l6z sf]nDaLof, cf]G6f/Lcf], sr'j]s, lk|G; O8jf8{ 6fk' / Go" jg{;jLsdf of] lgjf{rgnfO{ ckgfpg k|of; yflnPsf] 5, • Go'lhn}08, cd]l/sL /fHo÷dxfgu/x? Go"cf]s{, SofDa|Lh, Dof;fRr'P6;\, OnLg;\ cfbLdf ;d]t k|of]udf /x]sf,] • ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts ?kn] k5f8L k/]sf / hflto cNk;+Vos tyf l;dfGt ;d'bfosf nflu of] k|s[of k|efjsf/L aGb} uPsf], • hd{gL, pQ/ k"jL{ o'/f]lkog d'n'sx?df cToflws nf]slk|o, • k|mfG;n] of] k|s[ofnfO{ k|hftflGqs dfGotf eGbf /fhg}lts k"jf{u|xsf sf/0f k|of]udf Nofpg] / x6fpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] cGt k|Zrft sDo'lgi6 pDd]bjf/nfO{ x6fpg of] k|s[of ckgfP klg !(%* df rfN;{ b]ufnn] ax'dt k|s[of nfu' u/] . !(*# sf] lgjf{rgdf cfkm\gf] dtsf] ;'/Iff ug{ ;f];nLi6x?n] k'gM ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj k|s[of ckgfP klg pQm lgjf{rgdf pgLx?n] ax'dt u'dfP kl5 o:sf] k|of]u cGt ePsf] 5 . • ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj lgjf{rg k|s[ofsf ljleGg 9fFrfx? dWo] lgDg 9fFrfx? a9L k|rngdf 5g\ M

27. kf6L{ ;"rL ljlw M • kf6L{ ;"rL ;dfg'kflt k|ltlglwTj k|s[of cd]l/sf afx]s ljZje/ nf]slk|o 5 . ;DaGwLt /fhg}lts bnx?n] to u/]sf] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rLsf] k|fyldstf qmd / k|fKt dtsf] cfwf/df pDd]bjf/ lgjf{rg ul/G5 . • dtbftfx?n] /fhg}lts bnx?sf] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df cfkm\gf] dt k|of]u ub{5g\ . • dtbftfn] Oh/fondf em} k|ToIf /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt lbg jf 6sL{ / yfOn}08df em} pDd]bjf/ dfkm{t kf6L{df dt lbg klg ;Sb5g\ . /fhg}lts bn ;"rL ljlwsf 9fFrf -^@ b]z_ != v'Nnf ;"rL M o; ljlwdf r'gfjdf ;xefuL /fhg}lts bnx?n] pknAw u/fPsf] pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL dtkqdf pNn]v ul/G5 . dtbftfn] ;"rLsf pDd]bjf/x? cfjZos ;+Vofdf 5gf}6 ub{5g\ / Ps eGbf a9L pDd]bjf/ ePsf] cj:yfdf k|fyldstf qmd klg tf]Sg ;Sb5g\ / k|fyldstf qmd ;f]xL bnsf] ;"rLdf l;ldt x'g] rng 5 . • g]b/n}08, lkmgn}08n] of] ljlw ckgfPsf] 5 . • Hofb} nfdf] ;"rL / w]/} /fhg}lts bnx?sf] ;xeflutf ePsf] cj:yfdf v'Nnf ;"rL cJojxfl/s x'g ;Sb5 .

28. @= aGb ;"rL M • lgjf{rgdf bnn] g} pDd]bjf/sf] ;"rL qmd tf]s]sf] x'Fbf dtbftfnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] k|fyldstf qmd tf]Sg gkfpg] u/L ;"rL aGb ul/Psf] x'G5 . • dtbftfn] ;f]em} /fhg}lts bnnfO{ dt nufpg] aGb ;"rL k|s[of Oh/fonsf] ;Dk"0f{ lgjf{rg If]qx?df / o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;+;bsf] ;f+;bx?sf] lgjf{rgdf / :k]g, kf]r'un, Oh/fon, ci6«Lof, lkmgNof08, kf]n}08, :sfg8]lgleog d'n's, Go'hLn}08, hd{g / cd]l/sfn] ckgfPsf] 5 . • k|fKt dtsf] cfwf/df /fhg}lts ;"rL k|s[of dfkm{t ul/g] k|ltlglwTj ;+Vof ;DaGwLt bnn] k|fKt u/]sf] dt a/fa/ x'G5 . h:tf] !) % dt = !) % k|ltlglw . k|ltlglwx?sf] ;+Vof eg] k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu cfjZos dt æsf]6fÆ df e/ ub{5 . • /fhg}lts bn leq} ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] ljleGg cjwf/0ffx? k|rngdf 5g\ . • sf]6fsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/L a9L ePsf] dt bf];|f] r/0fdf u0fgf u/L ;a} eGbf a9L dt k|fKt pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df afFsL l;6sf nflu lgjf{rLt u/fOG5 .

29. ;"rL ljlwsf kmfO{bf != cNk;+Vos hflt, wd{, efiff, au{, ;d"bfox?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg pkof]uL x'G5 . @= bnLo Joj:yf k"0f{ :yflkt u/fpF5 . #= bn / ljljw au{ ;d"bfo aLr 3lgi6tf a9fpF5 . $= dtsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] x'Fbf ;+;bdf ;a}sf] ;xeflutf x'g ;S5 . %= pDd]bjf/ ;"rLsf] cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ dtbftfx? dtbfg k|lt ;r]t x'G5g\ . ^= If]lqotfjfb cGt ug{ / bnx?aLr ;Qf ;fem]bf/Lsf] k|j{3g ub{5 . &= kf6L{nfO{ k|fKt dtsf] k"0f{ ;b"kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . *= v'Nnf kf6L{ ;"rLdf dtbftfn] pDd]bjf/sf] qmd tf]Sg klg ;S5g\ .

30. ;"rL ljlwsf a]kmfO{bf != ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] ;Defjgf aGgfn] ;/sf/ sdhf]/ x'g ;S5 . @= dtbftf / pDd]bjf/ aLr dha'b ;DaGw /xFb}g . #= ;"rL tof/ ug{ kf/bzL{ dfkb08 geP kf6L{sf] ck|hftflGqs lg/+s'ztf a9\g ;S5 . $= ;fgf If]q / Ps :yfgsf nflu o:sf] k|of]u x'g ;Qm}g . %= ;fgf bnn] klg k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ePsf] x'Fbf bnsf] 6'lqmg] qmd a9g ;S5 . ^= v'Nnf ;"rLdf ;fdfGo dtbftfn] k|fyldstf qmd tf]Sg ;Sb}gg\ . &= 7"nf] lgjf{rg If]qdf ;a} dtbftfn] ;"rLsf dtbftf glrGg] x'Fbf kf6L{n] unt pDd]bjf/ agfpg klg ;Sg] x'G5

31. ldl>t ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj M • of] k|s[ofn] Psn ;+Vof ax'dt lgjf{rg dfkm{t cfwf / cfwf kf6L{ ;"rL dfkm{t lgjf{rg ul/G5 . • 7"nf] hg;+Vof, ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts, hflto, wfld{s ljljwtf ePsf] d'n'sx?df :yflgo tyf /fli6«o :t/sf] k|ltlglwTjsf nflu of] k|s[of k|efjk"0f{ dflgG5 . • af]lnleof -k|ltlglw ;ef_, Dofs;Lsf], n];f]yf], Go"hLn}08, hd{gL -;+3Lo tNnf] ;bg_ , a]nfot -:s6n}08 / j]N;_[, n];f]yf] -tNnf] ;bg_ d]S;Lsf] -tNnf] ;bg_ Go"lhn}08 -k|ltlglw ;ef_ nufot ljZjsf] w]/} d'n'sx?n] of] k|s[of ckgfPsf 5g\ . vf; u/L Go"hLn}08n] !(() kl5 / x+u]/Ln] of] ljlwnfO{ plrt k|ltlglwTjsf] pQd ljsNk dfg]sf] b]lvG5 .

32. dtbftfx?n] b'O{ dtkqsf] k|of]u ub{5g\, Pp6f lgjf{rg If]q k|ltlglwsf nflu / bf];|f] /fhg}lts bnsf] nflu . • hd{gLdf Pp6} dtkqnfO{ b'j} k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ul/G5 / pDd]bjf/sf] dt a/fa/ kf6L{n] cfkm\gf] dt kfPsf] dflgG5 . ;fdfGotof lgjf{rg If]q / kf6L{ ;"rLdf kg]{ u/L bf]xf]/f] pDd]bjf/L agfOb}g . • of] k|0ffnLsf ljleGg k|of]ux?dWo] x+u]/Ldf ax'dt ljlw ckgfOPsf] 5 . • e]g]h'Pnfdf *& :yfg a9Ldt / !% :yfg ;dfg'kflt k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;"rL dfkm{t d]S;Lsf]sf] #)) :yfgdf a9Ldt / @)) :yfg ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;'rLsf nflu 5'6\ofO{Psf] 5 .

33. ldl>t dtkq gd'gf

34. bf];|f] dtsf] cfwf/df l;6 lgwf{/0f

35. kmfO{bfx? != ;a} dtsf] ;b'kof]u x'G5 . @= /fli6«o If]q / lgjf{rg If]q aLr ;dGjo / ;Gt'ng x'G5 . #= ef}uf]lns, hflto / ;fd"bfosf] plrt k|ltlglwTj x'G5 . a]kmfO{bfx? != kf6L{ ;"rLsf cju'0fx? ;a} g} x'G5g\ .

36. Psn ;+qmd0fLo dt • dtsf] clwstd pkof]u u/L dtbftfx?sf] efjgf adf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ / pDd]bjf/ s]lGb|t eO{ lgjf{rg ug{ ;lsof]; egL of] ljlw k|rngdf NofOPsf] xf] . • dtsf] ;b'kof]u / k|ltlglwTjsf] cfwf/df nf]slk|o of] lgjf{rg k|s[of ljZjsf] w]/} b]zx?n] k|of]udf NofPsf 5g\ . • @))^ sf] lgjf{rgdf pQ/L cfo/n}08 / u0ftGq, ci6«]lnof, Go"lhn}08, dfN6fx?n] k|of]udf NofPsf] of] ljlwdf pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|fyldstfqmdsf] cfwf/df dt lbOG5 . :s6n}08sf] lgjf{rg @))& / cd]l/sL gu/ -sofDa|Lh, Dof;fr'P6;_ sf] lgjf{rg @))( df ckgfpg] tof/L ePsf] b]lvG5 . Devised by Carl Andrae, Denmark in 1985, Thomas Hare, England in 1857, Promoted by Andrew Inglis Clark.

37. ci6«]lnofdf of] ljlwnfO{ "Hare-Clark System" / US df "Choice Voting" sf gfdaf6 hflgG5 .;a} dtkq Ps} :yfgdf /flvG5 / dtbftfsf] k|fyldstf qmdsf] cfwf/df pDd]bjf/x?sf] qmdfÍ tf]Sg] ul/G5 . sf]6f M Psn ;+qmd0fLo dtnfO{ pDd]bjf/ lgjf{rLt ug{ ;Sg] Go"gtd dt jf sf]6f lgwf{/0f u/L dt x:tfGt/0f ul/b} nluG5 . sf]6f lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljlwx? dWo] ;a} eGbf nf]slk|o 8'k sf]6f lgDg k|s[ofåf/f ul/G5 . dt l;6 ;+Vof + ! pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6 ug{ cfjZos Go"gtd dt k|fKt gePdf jf a9L ePdf To:tf dt k|fyldstf qmdsf csf]{ pDd]bjf/nfO{ x:tfGQ/0f xFb} hfG5 . of] k|s[of sf]6f adf]lhdsf ;Dk"0f{ k|ltlglwx?sf] 5gf}6 geP;Dd hf/L /xG5 .

38. dt u0fgfdf cfjZos sf]6f k|fKt gePdf ;a} eGbf sd dt k|fKt pDd]bjf/sf] gfd x6fOG5 / ;f] dt ;DefJo pDd]bjf/sf] dtdf u0fgf u/L k|ltlglw 5gf}6 ul/G5 . a9L ePsf] dt k'gM bf];|f] qmdsf] pDd]bjf/df x:tfGt/0f u/Lbf sf]6f k|fKt gePdf ;a} eGbf sd dt ePsf] csf]{ pDd]bjf/sf] dt ;d]t u0fgf u/L sf]6f k'/f ul/G5 / k|ltlglw 5gf}6 ul/G5 . k|fyldstf qmd cg';f/ dtsf] u0fgf ug{ emGeml6nf] eP klg sDKo"6/ k|ljlwaf6 ;xh} u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 . cfo/n}08, ci6]«lnof, Go"hLn}08, -:yflgo lgsfo lgjf{rg_ df k|of]u . Thomas Hare åf/f !*%& df ljsl;t / ;dsfnLg ;fyL John Styuart Mill / Walter Bagehot åf/f k|;+zLt Hare Model klg nf]slk|o 5 .

39. dt ;+qmd0fLo k|s[of -sf]6f @*)) dt_

40. kmfO{bfx? != dtsf] cg'kftdf pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 x'G5 . @= ef}uf]lns, hflto, alu{o / ;dfg'kftLs x'G5 . ldlnh'nL ;/sf/sf] jftfj/0f agfpF5 . #= of] z'Id k|hftflGqs ljlw dflgG5 . $= o:df dtsf] Go"g ckdfg x'G5 .

41. a]kmfO{bfx? != ;fdfGo / ;fIf/ gePsf dtbftfx?df o:sf] plrt k|of]u ug{ ;lsGg . @= dtbfg / dtkqsf] u0fgf ljlw hl6n x'G5 . #= o:sf] clt k|of]un] PsbnLo :yL/ ;/sf/sf] cGt ub{5 . $= hl6n dt k|of]u ljlwsf] sf/0f dt ab/sf] cg'kft a9g ;S5 .

42. cw{ ;dfg'kflts M cw{ ;dfg'kfltssf k|sf/x? ;dfgfGt/ dtbfg M o; ljlwdf dtbftfn] b'O{ cnu cnu lgjf{rgsf nflu cnu cnu k|s[of ;dfgfGt/ ckgfO{ k|ltlglwsf] 5gf}6 ul/G5 . a9Ldt lgjf{rg ljlw / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ;dfgfGt/ dtbfgdf ldl>t 9+uaf6 k|of]u ul/G5 . ctM Psn :yfg ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf nflu ax'dt lgjf{rg ljlw / afFsL bnx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] dtsf] cfwf/df ;"rL tof/ ul/ k|ltlglwTj u/fOG5 . cNjflgof, cd]{lgof, ch/j}hfg, Sofd?g, hlh{of, Ujf6]dfnf, hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of, n'y'lgof, DofS;Lsf], gfOh/, Kofn]:6fOg, lkmlnlkG;, ;]g]un, l;l;nL, ;f]dflnof, tfOjfg, 6o'lgl;of, sf]:6fl/sfn] of] ljlw cknDag u/]sf 5g . o;nfO{ ldl>t lgjf{rg ljlw klg elgG5 .

43. kmfO{bfx? != 7"nf bnx? a9L dt ljlw dfkm{t / ;fgf bn, cNk;+Vos, ;d"bfosf k|ltlglw ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg dfkm{t lgjf{rLt x'g ;S5g\ . t/ ;dfg"kflts lgjf{rgsf] :yfg a9L x'g' kb{5 . @= b'O{ cnu dtkq4f/f dtbftf :yfgLo / /fli6«o :t/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg ;Qm5 . #= kf6L{ ;"rLdf em} kf6L{ v08Ls/0fsf] ult sd x'G5 .

44. a]kmfO{bfx? != lgjf{rg If]qsf k|ltlglwsf] lgjf{rg If]q;Fu / ;dfg"kftLs k|ltlglwsf] bn;Fu dfq a9L 3lgi6tf /xG5 . @= ;dfg"kflts k|0ffnL eP/ klg lglZrt k|ltzt k|fKt gug]{ bnn] k|ltlglwTj k|fKt ub}{g . #= o:sf] k|of]u s]xL hl6n x'Fbf dtbftfdf cGof]ntf a9fpF5 .

45. Psn c;+qmd0fLo dt ax':yfg lgjf{rg If]qdf of] ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . h'g Psn ;+qmdl0fo eGbf km/s 5 . o;df klg dtbftfnfO{ Pp6} dt k|fKt x'G5 . ;fdfGotof Ps} lgjf{rg If]qsf w]/} :yfgdf Ps} k6L{sf w]/} pDd]4f/x?sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ of] lalw ckgfO{G5 . of] ljlw k|of]u u/L k|To]s pDd]4f/n] k|fKtu/]sf] dtsf] cfwf/df pDd]4f/ lahlo x'G5 . t/ Ps pDd]bjf/nfO{ k|fKt dt ;f]xL kf6L{sf] csf]{ s'g} pDd]4jf/nfO{ x:tfGt/0f x'Fb}g .

46. ?; / c08f]/fdf cfwf :yfg, ckmuflg:tfg / hf]8{gsf] tNnf], OG8f]g]l;of / yfOn}08sf] dflyNnf] ;bg, / k|6f]l/sf], tfOjfg, hfkfg, b=sf]l/ofdf k|of]u NofOPsf] 5 . • @)$* cl3 g]kfnsf] ;+;bLo lgjf{rgdfk|of]u u/]sf], 6\o'lgl;ofdf ** % Psd'i7 / !@ % ;'rL ;dfg'kflts, ;f]dflnof (@ % ;dfg'kflts / * % a9L dt, hfkfgdf ^) % a9L dt / $) % ;"rL ;dfg'kflts k|of]udf 5g\ .

47. kmfO{bfx? != Ps} lgjf{rg If]qdf a9L :yfgsf] lgjf{rg x'Fbf ;f] :yfgsf pDd]bjf/ aLr ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g;S5 . @= lgjf{rg / u0fgf ljlw ;/n x'G5 . #= bnx? lgjf{rg If]qdf a9L ;+u7Lt x'g ;S5g\ .

48. a]kmfO{bfx? != Go"g k|ltztsf ?kdf b]ze/ 5l/Psf dtbftfsf nflu of] b'ef{Uok"0f{ ljlw x'G5 . @= Ps dtsf] afWotfn] k|ofKt ljsNk dtbftfn] k|fKt ug{ ;Qm}g . #= Ps} bn leq k|lt:kwf{ / k|lt4lG4tf a9fpF5 . $= ;a} dt pkof]uL x'g g;sL v]/ hfG5 . %= kf6L{sf] ks8 adf]lhd pDd]bjf/ gePdf kf6L{sf] ;+efjLt xf/ / k|ltlglwTjsf] cGo x'G5 .

49. Non Propertional Multi seat -c;dfg'kflt ax':yfg_ lgjf{rg o; ljlwdf lgDg 9fFrfx? k|rngdf 5g\ Block Voting -Psd'i6 dt_ • w]/} l;6 ePsf] Ps} lgjf{rg If]qaf6 w]/} pDd]bjf/sf] 5gf}6 ug{ Block Vote k|of]u ul/G5 . Block Vote sf] tl/sf dtkqsf] 9fFrf cg';f/ km/s km/s x'g ;S5 . • a9L dt Psd'i7 k|s[of:h'g If]qdf hlt pDd]bjf/ 5g\ Tolt dt dtbftfx?nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 / w]/} dt k|fKt ug]{ pDd]bjf/ ljhoL x'G5 . • k|yfldstfk"0f{ Psd'i6 k|s[of: of] ljlwdf k|To]s dtbftfn] dtkqdf tf]s]sf] qmd cg';f/ yf]/} dtk|fKt ug]{nfO{ qmdzM x6fO{ k|fyldstfsf dtx? ;d]t u0fgf u/L ax'dt geP ;Dd u0fgf ul/G5 .

50. Psd'i7 dt • ax":yfg lgjf{rg If]qdf pDd]bjf/sf] ;+Vof a/fa/ dtbftfnfO{ dt lbg kfpF5g . pQm dt lghsf] O{R5f cg';f/ Ps pDd]bjf/nfO{ ;a} jf cGo pDd]bjf/nfO{ klg lbg ;S5g . a9L dt k|fKt ug]{ JolQm lahoL x'G5 . k|of]u ug]{ b]zsf] ;+Vof M !% kmfO{bfx? != pDd]bjf/sf] Ifdtf, u'0fsf] cfwf/df dt lbg ;lsG5 . @= dtbftfdf a9L clwsf/ x'G5 . a]kmfO{bf != Ps} bnsf w]/} pDd]bjf/ ePdf a9L dt k|0ffnLsf cju'0f oxfF k'g/fj[Q x'G5 / pDd]bjf/n] xfb{5 .