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RESPIRATION

Learn about cell respiration, the process by which cells release energy stored in nutrients. Explore the two types of respiration, anaerobic and aerobic, and understand their significance in cell functioning. Discover the steps involved in cellular respiration, from glycolysis to the electron transport chain.

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RESPIRATION

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  1. RESPIRATION • Respiration is the process by which the chemical bond energy stored in nutrients is released for use in cells

  2. RESPIRATION

  3. Why do cells need energy? • To make new molecules • Synthesis and hydrolysis • For building membranes and organelles • Active transport • Muscle contraction\movement • Cell division • Etc etc

  4. Some facts about respiration: • Respiration: • Occurs continuously in all living things • Is a series of enzyme controlled reactions • May or may not use oxygen • Involves the exchange of gases between the organism and the environment • The energy in glucose is released when bonds are broken • The energy is stored in molecules of ATP

  5. What is ATP??? • Just kidding! Don’t use this answer on the regents!!!

  6. What is ATP ? • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is an energy storage compound that stores the energy from glucose and transfers it to other biochemical reactions

  7. When energy is needed by the cell: • ATP + H2O ------- ADP + P + energy The enzyme ATP-ase controls the reaction This is a hydrolysis reaction

  8. Two types of Respiration • Aerobic Respiration • Uses oxygen • Occurs in the mitochondria of cells • The more energy a cell needs the more mitochondria it will have (for example muscle cells)

  9. Aerobic Respiration • Produces 36 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose • Reactants are oxygen and glucose • Products are water, carbon dioxide and ATP

  10. General Equation • C6H12O6 + 6O2- 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP

  11. Two Types of Respiration • Anaerobic Respiration • Does not require oxygen • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Used by yeasts and some bacteria • Net result of ATP produced is 2 molecules for each molecule of glucose • Also called fermentation

  12. Anaerobic respiration • Reactant is glucose • Products are carbon dioxide • and ethyl alcohol • or lactic acid

  13. General Equations Glucose-- 2 lactic acid + 2 ATP (occurs in bacteria and muscle cells lacking oxygen) Glucose ----- 2 alcohol + 2 carbon dioxide + 2 ATP ( occurs in yeast cells)

  14. Making bread and alcohol use the process of fermentation

  15. Respiration

  16. Muscle Fatigue • If muscle cells don’t have enough oxygen, they will carry out anaerobic respiration • This will produce lactic acid and cause sore muscles and muscle fatigue

  17. That was too easy!! C6H12O6 + 6O2- 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP Even thought the chemical reaction for respiration makes it look simple, it is really a series of complex chemical reactions!

  18. That Was Too Easy! So Put On Your Thinking Caps!

  19. If it were one simple step, all the energy would be released at once and most would be released as heat or light. • This would not provide the cell with the continuous supply of energy the it needs.

  20. The Steps of Cellular Respiration: 1. GLYCOLYSIS 2. KREBS CYCLE 3. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Helpful information: NAD and FAD are co-enzymes that act as Hydrogen/electron carriers

  21. Glycolysis In this first step, glucose is broken down into to smaller molecules called pyruvic acid ( a 3 carbon sugar)

  22. Glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen This step requires that 2 molecules of ATP be used for activation energy, however 4 molecules are produced, for a net total of 2 from this stage

  23. C6H12O6 = glucose 2 C3H4O3 = 2 pyruvic acids What’s missing? Missing 4 H’s When glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid, 4 extra H’s are picked up by NAD and transferred to other biological pathways

  24. The Krebs Cycle(citric acid cycle) Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide (this is what we exhale) in a series of energy extracting reactions Some ATP is produced (2) Additional NADH and FADH2 are formed which carry high energy electrons to the electron transport chain

  25. The Electron Transport Chain The electron transport chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle (brought by the NADH and FADH2) to convert ADP to ATP Oxygen acts as the final hydrogen acceptor and combines with 2 hydrogens to make water which is excreted or used for cell metabolism

  26. Heat Electron Transport System O2 ATP H2O NAD+ NADH CO2 citric acid cycle Glucose ATP Pyruvate MITOCHONDRION ATP

  27. The Totals • 1 molecule of glucose produces: • Glycolysis= 2 ATP (4 – 2 for activation energy) • Kreb Cycle= 2 ATP • Electron Transport Chain = 32 • For a grand total of 36 molecules of ATP

  28. Is this efficient? • Respiration is more efficient than a car engine that burns gasoline! • The 36 molecules of ATP that are made from 1 molecule of glucose represent about 38% of the total energy in glucose. • What do you think happens to the other 62% • It is released as heat

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