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Management Past to Present

Management Past to Present. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES. Frederick Taylor & The Gilbreths. Henry Fayol Mary Parker Follett. Max Weber. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES. Who? Frederick W. Taylor When? Beginning of the 20 th century Why? Search for efficiency Basis?

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Management Past to Present

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  1. Management Past to Present

  2. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES Frederick Taylor & The Gilbreths Henry Fayol Mary Parker Follett Max Weber

  3. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

  4. Who? Frederick W. Taylor When? Beginning of the 20th century Why? Search for efficiency Basis? People will work in a manner that is most economically beneficial to themselves

  5. What he believed: “The principal object of management should be to secure maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for the employee”

  6. Problem: Workers did their jobs “their own way” and without clear and uniform specifications. RESULT inefficiency & performing below true capacities

  7. One of my most famous studies involved shovels. I noticed that workers used the same shovel for all materials. I determined that the most effective load was 21½ lb, and found or designed shovels that for each material would scoop up that amount. I was however, generally unsuccessful in getting his concepts applied and was dismissed from Bethlehem Steel. Nevertheless, I was able to convince workers who used shovels and whose compensation was tied to how much they produced to adopt my advice about the optimum way to shovel by breaking the movements down into their component elements and recommending better ways to perform these movements.

  8. What I Discovered? • - Workers purposely work at a pace slower than their capability • What I did • Instituted a piecework pay system

  9. Key Principles of SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT • Develop for every job a “science”—rules of motion • Carefully select skilled workers • Properly train & give incentives • Provide supervisory support

  10. Who? Frank & Lillian Gilbreth When? Followers of Taylor in the early 1900’s Why? Search for efficiency Basis? Using motion studies to reduce a task to its basic physical motions

  11. One of their most interesting research projects was their motion study of bricklayers at work, after which they developed several procedures for doing the job more efficiently. For example, they specified standard materials and techniques including the positioning of the bricklayer, the bricks and the mortar at different levels. The results of these changes were a reduction from 18 separate physical movements to 5 and an increase in output of about 200%.

  12. Working together, the Gilbreths developed number techniques and strategies for eliminating inefficiency. They applied many of their ideas to their family. Their experiences in raising 12 children are document in the book and movie “Cheaper by the Dozen”.

  13. Modern Applications: • Job simplification • Work standards • Incentive wage plans

  14. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES Max Weber

  15. Who? Henri Fayol When? In Early 1900’s Why? Focus on improving management skills Basis? Used his experience as an engineer leading large-scale enterprises of 1000s of employees

  16. MANAGEMENT CAN BE TAUGHT!

  17. Ibelieve managers have 5 duties: Foresight Organization Command Coordination Control I was a pretty smart dude as I was ahead of my time because my 5 duties for a manager closely resemble the functions of a manager you follow today. (planning, organizing, implementing and controlling.

  18. Who? Mary Parker Follett When? In early-1900’s Why? How to get diverse groups of individuals to work cooperatively for greater good

  19. What she believed… “Organizations were ‘communities’ in which managers and workers should labour in harmony without one party dominating the other & with freedom to talk over & reconcile differences.

  20. Modern Applications: • Employee ownership • Profit sharing • Gain-sharing plans • Managerial ethics • Social responsibility

  21. She said: • Managers must respect the experience & knowledge of workers • Warned against organizations having too much of a “hierarchy” This leads to today’s …

  22. Modern Applications: • empowerment • involvement • flexibility • self-management

  23. CLASSICAL MANAGEMENT APPROACHES

  24. Who? Max Weber When? Late 1900’s in Germany Why? Reaction to organizational performance inefficiencies & unfair promotions & hiring based on “privileged” status Basis? A bureaucracy could solve these problems

  25. Characteristics of a Bureaucratic Organization: • Clear division of labour • Clear hierarchy of authority • Formal rules and procedures • Impersonality • Careers based on merit

  26. The DOWNSIDE of Bureaucratic Organization: • excessive paperwork or “red tape” • slowness in handling problems • rigidity in the face of shifting customer/client needs • resistance to change • employee apathy…lack motivation or interest

  27. Modern Day Management: “Current trends in management include many innovations that seek the same goals as Weber, but with different approaches to how organizations can be structured.”

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