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The Lymphatic / Immune System

The Lymphatic / Immune System. Honors Biology Unit 8 Powerpoint #7. Lymphatic System: Purpose: . Transports a watery fluid called lymph. This fluid distributes immune cells, and other factors throughout the body.

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The Lymphatic / Immune System

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  1. The Lymphatic / Immune System Honors Biology Unit 8 Powerpoint #7

  2. Lymphatic System: Purpose: • Transports a watery fluid called lymph. • This fluid distributes immune cells, and other factors throughout the body. • It also interacts with the circulatory system to drain fluid from cells and tissues

  3. Lymphatic System: Functions: • Collect and return fluids, including blood plasma, to the blood, maintaining fluid homeostasis. • Defends the body against disease by producing lymphocytes. • Absorbs lipids from the intestine, and transports them to the blood.

  4. Absorbs lipids from small intstine

  5. Why do we need the Lymphatic System? • Every 24 hours the circulatory system slowly leaks 3 liters of blood.

  6. Lymphatic System: Structures: • white blood cells (lymphocytes) • Bone marrow • Thymus • Spleen • Tonsils • lymph nodes • lymph vessels

  7. Lymph / Lymph Vessels • Lymph: fluid and protein that has been squeezed out of the blood (blood plasma). • Vessels: A network of permeable capillaries and vessels that lymph drains into.

  8. Lymph Vessels • The lymph system is one-way, draining lymph from tissue, back to the blood. • Lymph movement depends on smooth muscle action, and skeletal system movement.

  9. Lymph Nodes: • Filters Lymph as is travels in the lymph vessels. • White blood cells are located within the lymph nodes. • Bean-shaped, size ranges from 3mm to 2cm. • Can become enlarged due to infection. • A combination burglar alarm and West Point. They guard against intruders, but also train the ‘military’ to fight.

  10. Lymph Nodes

  11. White Blood Cells • Bone marrow produces lymphocytes • Normally in blood, but can be found at any location. • Re-enter blood circulation through lymph vessels. • Fight foreign invaders (microorganisms) • Some last 2-5 days, others last for years.

  12. Lymphocytes attacking cancer cell

  13. Thymus: • Location of the development of T-cell lymphocytes.

  14. Spleen: • Fist-sized mass of lymphatic tissue that destroys old or damaged red blood cells and platelets.

  15. Elephantitis

  16. Disease- any change that disrupts normal body functions (other than injury) Causes- Bacteria viruses fungi environmental factors (smoke, lead, pesticides) genetically inherited (hemophilia, Down's Syndrome) Immune System & Disease

  17. Germ Theory of Disease • Proposed by Louis Pasteur & Robert Koch • Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms

  18. Agents of Disease • Virus- tiny particles that invade & replicate within living cells • Is not alive, only a piece of DNA or RNA bound in a protective coat

  19. Agents of Disease • Bacteria- single celled organisms (prokaryotic) • Most don’t cause disease • Those that cause disease attack cells directly or produce toxins that harm cells

  20. Agents of Disease • Protists- tiny single celled organisms that spread via insects, blood, food, or water • Examples: Malaria, Sleeping sickness, traveler’s diarrhea

  21. Agents of Disease • Worms-- flatworms & roundworm eggs that grow inside other organisms • Examples: Schistosoma • Ascaris • tapeworm

  22. Agents of Disease • Fungi– most are harmless • Tinea attacks the skin causes athlete’s foot & ringworm

  23. Spread of Disease • Coughing, sneezing, or physical contact • Contaminated food & water • Animals

  24. Fighting Infectious Disease 1. Antibiotics– compounds that kill bacteria without harming host cells • Many are produced naturally by organisms (like mold creates penicillin) discovered by Alexander Fleming 2. Antiviral drugs– inhibit their ability to invade cells 3. Rest & fluids so your own immune system can work well!

  25. The Immune System • Immunity- fighting off disease before it actually makes you ill • 2 categories: • Specific- targeted for 1 disease • Nonspecific- general line of defense against anything

  26. Non-specific Defense • 1st line of defense – Physical -Skin -Mucus -Sweat -Tears • The sweat & tears contain lysozymes (enzyme that breaks down bacteria cell walls)

  27. Non-specific Defense • 2nd Line of defense • Inflammatory response– • Phagocytes (white blood cells) go to site of injury to engulf foreign agents 2. Fever can slow down growth or stop growth of some pathogens (also ‘s heart rate to get WBC’s to site faster) 3. Interferon proteins help cells resist viruses by slowing down their replication in cells

  28. Specific Defense • Immune response is triggered by antigens (any foreign agent) • Creates B & T Lymphocytes T cells Attacks antigens within cells B cells Attacks antigens in body fluids

  29. Antibodies • Proteins created by B cells • Bind to antigens to stop them from moving into cells & signals proteins (produced by liver) to destroy the antigen • B memory cells store info to create antibodies quickly against another antigen attack

  30. Antibodies • Y shaped with 2 identical binding sites • Shape of binding site is specific to an antigen with a complementary shape • Most healthy adults can produce 100 million different types of antibodies

  31. Cell Mediated Immunity • Important in fighting infections caused by fungi & protists & viruses • T-cells divide into killer, helper, suppressor, & memory cells • Killer T-cells destroy the agents • Helper T-cells produce memory T cells • Suppressor T-cells releases substances that shut down the killer T-cells

  32. HIV & T-cells • HIV replicates inside T-cells, and then destroys them as they burst open to release more viruses • When Immune cells are destroyed, other diseases & infections can weaken & kill AIDS patients

  33. Acquired Immunity • Edward Jenner created the 1st vaccine against smallpox using attenuated (heated so it won’t cause the disease) cowpox • Active Immunity is the injection of a mild form of the pathogen to stimulate our immune systems to create antibodies

  34. Passive Immunity • Lasts only a short time because they are not created by the body’s own immune system • Examples: 1) Mother passing antibodies through placenta or breast milk to baby 2) Vaccines with antibodies against diseases like malaria, yellow fever, rabies

  35. Immune System Disorders • Allergies- overreactions of immune system to antigens • Mast cells are specialized cells that initiate the inflammatory response • Histamines- chemicals released by mast cells that increase blood flow & fluids to the area • This causes sneezing, watery eyes, & runny nose

  36. Autoimmune Diseases • Body attacks the body’s own cells • Examples: Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis, & multiple sclerosis (MS), Lupus

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