By:Kenzie Blondin

1. Chapter 10 Review-Greece By:Kenzie Blondin

2. Early Development of Greece • During the 3rd millennium B.C.E., societies were built in the Balkan region and the peninsula of Greece with the influence of civilizations such as Mesopotamia and Egypt.

3. Minoan Society • Late 3rd millennium B.C.E.-- Crete(southeast of Greece) became a sophisticated society called the Minoan society) • 2000-1700 B.C.E--built palaces throughout the island( ex. Knossos had colorful Minoan frescos with the people at work and play) • Palaces = the center of society: rulers resided there and were used as a storehouse for taxes • Developed a script called Linear A: symbols stood for syllables: used for detailed records of economic/commercial matters : can’t decipher today • 2200-1450 B.C.E.--Minoan society was the center of Mediterranean trade • Traveled to Greece, Anatolia, Phoenicia, Egypt, and Sicily : traded wine, olive oil, and wool for grains and textiles • 1600 B.C.E.– established colonies on Cyprus and other islands in the Aegean Sea to mine local copper ores and have access to tin • Decline: 1700 B.C.E. – natural disasters(earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tidal waves) • 1628 B.C.E.– major eruption on the island of Thera, north of Crete • 1600-1450 B.C.E. – rebuilt palaces and built complexes with indoor plumbing, drainage systems, and even some flush toilets • After 1450 B.C.E. the wealth of the Minoans attracted invaders and the society fell by 1100 B.C.E.

4. Mycenaean Society • 2200 B.C.E.– Indo-Europeans migrate into the Greek peninsula • 1600 B.C.E.– trade with Minoans and visiting Crete: learn Minoan writing and architecture • Linear B script developed from Minoan Linear A script • 1450 B.C.E.– built massive stone fortresses and palaces at Peloponnesus • Protection brought by the fortresses attracted settlers • 1500-1100 B.C.E.– overpowered Minoans, took Cretan palaces, and established craft workshops • Made settlements in Anatolia, Sicily, and southern Italy • 1200 B.C.E.—conflict with city of Troy in Anatolia (Trojan Wars) • 1100-800 B.C.E.– chaos in eastern Mediterranean:impossible to maintain a stable government, a productive agriculture, and population declined • People fled to Aegean islands, Anatolia, and Cyprus • Linear A + B disappeared

5. The Polis • Greece didn’t have a centralized state or empire • Local institutions kept order: the city-state(polis) • Poleis attracted large numbers of settlers and gradually became urban commercial centers • levied taxes and the portions of agricultural surplus supported the population • 800 B.C.E.– poleis became bustling city-states and principal Greek centers • Different poleis had different political forms but the most popular was the poleis under rule local notables called “tyrants”. However, most of them were popular rulers

6. Sparta • Fertile region of Peloponnesus • Economy expanded during the 8th and 7th centuries B.C.E. and took over Peloponnesus • The regional people they took over were called helots. They were not free and provided labor and a constant food supply • 6th century B.C.E.—outnumbered Spartan citizens 10 to 1 • Sparta focused on a powerful, disciplined military to avoid a helot rebellion and to be the most powerful of all poleis • Lived an austere life (no jewelry, fancy clothing, and huge wealth) • Power was found not through wealth but military talent and valor • Boys left home at 7 years old to train for war in military barracks • Men went into the military at 20 years old and served until retirement • Women vigorously exercised in hope of having strong babies • Girls got married at 18-20 but didn’t live with their husbands until they were around 30 years old • 4th century B.C.E.—simplicity was lost and now Spartans could enjoy luxury but military power was still top priority

7. Athens • Had a government based on democracy • Only free adult males were allowed citizenship and a role in public affairs • 7th century B.C.E.– Attica had more maritime trade • Maritime wealth was among the aristocratic landowners who controlled the government and most of the land • Small plot owners fell heavenly into debt. Many had to sell their land, homes, and their freedom • Early 6th century B.C.E.—Attica was heavily populated and very wealthy but unhappy due to a small number of wealthy aristocrats • An aristocrat named Solon served as a mediator between social classes • His plan was for aristocrats to keep land but cancel debts. He forbade debt slavery and liberated debtors already enslaved • Slaves were opened to the council of the polis to anyone wealthy enough to devote time to public affairs • Late 6th to 5th centuries– commoners paid salary to officeholders so finances wouldn’t exclude anyone from service • Pericles was a very popular Athenian leader from 443-429 B.C.E:supported building projects • Athens became most sophisticated of the Greek poleis with art, philosophy, architecture, poetry, etc.

8. Greece and the Outside World • Greece established colonies throughout the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea • 800 B.C.E.– poleis are political centers, populations increase • Colonies begin to develop • Mid 8th-late 6th centuries B.C.E.—more than 400 colonies develop • Colonies provided merchants with fertile fields and access to copper, zinc, and tin in central Italy • 600 B.C.E.—established colonies as far west in southern France(Massalia) • Black Sea colonies offered grain, fish, furs, timber, honey, wax, gold, amber, and slaves to the poleis • Greece didn’t build centralized imperial states-an individual polis mainly relied on itself for politics • All this trade spread the Greek language and culture

9. Conflict with Persia • Persian Wars(500-479 B.C.E.) • Cyrus and Darius tightened hold on Anatolia • 500 B.C.E.— Ionian Greeks revolted and expelled the Achaemenid administration • Darius repressed the Greeks by 493 B.C.E. • 490 B.C.E.--Persian campaign against peninsular Greece(large fleet to attack Athens) • The Athenian army was outnumbered but won the Battle of Marathon • 480 B.C.E.– Xerxes sent massive troops and ships to subdue the Greeks but the Athenians shattered the Persian navy at the Battle of Salamis • Never elevated to a full-scale war • Persia didn’t want to waste money and effort on small, unthreatening Greece and Greece didn’t have the resources or desire to pursue Persia • Greece just wanted independence

10. Conflict Within Greece • The Delian League was created to prevent further Persian attacks • Athens is the militaristic leader • The other poleis gave financial support in order for protection • The Persians never did invade again so the poleis resented giving Athens money and making them wealthy • Peloponnesian War(432-404 B.C.E.) The poleis divided into two camps under the control of Sparta and Athens • After a close war, Sparta forced Athens and its allies to surrender • Jealousy arose over Sparta’s hegemony over Greece • More fighting was sparked and power passed through multiple poleis • Internal struggle severely weakens Greece

11. Macedonians • Until the 4th century B.C.E., Macedon consisted of cultivators and seasonal sheepherders • There were kings and clans • Macedon traded with Greece and became familiar with the land and overall society • King Philip II(359-336 B.C.E.) made himself ruler and created an almost invincible military • 350 B.C.E.– moved into northern Greece • Greece was under Macedonian control by 338 B.C.E. • King Philip II was assassinated and his son, Alexander the Great takes over--proves to be a brilliant strategist and leader • 333 B.C.E.—Ionia and Anatolia under Macedon’s control • 332 B.C.E.---Syria, Palestine, and Egypt under Macedon’s control • 331 B.C.E.---Mesopotamia under Macedon’s control • 330 B.C.E.---Alexander the Great declares himself the new emperor of Persia • In 327 B.C.E.---Macedonian forces crossed into India,across the Indus,and entered the Punjab • 324 B.C.E.---Alexander and his men returned home and feasted • 323 B.C.E.---Alexander becomes ill and dies

12. Hellenistic Empire • 275 B.C.E.—Alexander’s empire divided into three states • Interaction from Greece to India • Antigonid Empire(Macedon/Greece)-the smallest state-Macedonians offered tax cuts if rule was recognized-Athens and Corinth were extremely wealthy • Ptolemaic Empire(Egypt/Palestine)-the wealthiest-irrigation-royal monopolies over textiles, salt making, and the brewing of beer-Alexandria was the administrative headquarters:huge port that held over 1200 ships:also a cultural center(Alexandrian Museum and the Alexandrian Library) • Seleucid Empire(Anatolia/Mesopotamia/Bactria)—greatest extent of Greek influence • Colony of Ai Khanum on the Oxus River in Bactria spoke Greek, dressed in Greek fashions, read Greek literature+philosophy,etc.

13. Greek Economy • Relied mainly on maritime due to mountainous, unfertile terrain • Traded olive oil+wine for grains • Trade linked Greece with other civilizations and colonies—huge cargo ships • A merchant would borrow $ from a banker to rent ship space for goods • Usually small scale work shops/entrepreneurs • Pan Hellenic festivals(athletic, literary, or musical contests to win honor for their polis) • Olympic Games were athletic contests held every four years—winners were crowned with olive wreaths and were heroes in the polis • Caravans carried small luxury items(gems and jewelry)

14. Greek Family/Society • Strictly patriarchal—father even had the right to leave newborns to die in the mountains or countryside • Women usually stayed home but would sometimes would go out with a chaperone or servant—would have to wear a veil---could not own land but could run a small shop---only women that had public authority were priestesses • Sparta was an exception:women were encouraged to be athletic, join in festivals, maybe even defend their polis—however, men were still the authority • Literacy and formal education was common among upper class woman • Sappho—around 600 B.C.E.---- a widow who invited a group of young women into her home for instruction in music and literature---moral criticism---only fragments of her poetry survive • Slaves provide labor(debtors, POW’s, Russian and African slaves) • Skilled slaves had special opportunities to help run their master’s business and potentially earn their freedom

15. Greek Philosophy“The unexamined life is not worth living”--Socrates • 8th-7th centuries B.C.E.---the Greeks traveled to different civilizations and learned astronomy, science, mathematics, medicine, magic, and myths • Adapted the Phoenician alphabet—added symbols for vowels • 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E.---philosophy based on human reason • Socrates(470-399 B.C.E.)-Athenian who encouraged reflection on ethics and morality-believed humans could lead honest lives-personal honor comes above all else • He was sentenced to death so he drank poison in the company of friends—didn’t know if death was eternal sleep or rising up to a higher power but he looked at it positively in both ways • Plato(430-347 B.C.E.)—Socrates’ pupil who wrote Socrates’ views—believed in Forms or Ideas(ex. Virtue means obeying your parents but if your parents commit a crime, it is your duty to notify the authorities)—he resolved our world isn’t the only world,not the world of genuine reality—entering the world of Forms or Ideas was the only was to fully comprehend—believed all kings should be philosophers • Aristotle(384-322 B.C.E.)—didn’t trust Forms or Ideas but relied on human senses to understand—also wrote on science, literature, math, politics, etc. • Christianity and Islam went to great lengths to harmonize with philosophical ideas

16. Greek Religion • Rain,wind,and other natural phenomena became gods • Myths and stories were created to explain the way present things are • Chaos creates earth-earth creates the sky-sky creates night,day,the sun,and moon • Heavenly battles occur and Zeus becomes the overseer of all gods • CULTS: • Eleusinian mysteries cult had a ritual community meal and observed high moral standards • Some cults such as the cult that celebrated Demeter only allowed women-allowed women to play some kind of a role in society • Dionysus(god of wine)-cult would go to the hills to celebrate with song and dance-Euripides(dramatist) claimed that the followers were so frenzied that they tore a man and goat apart as sacrifices to Dionysus • 5th century B.C.E.-poleis strengthened the grips on social and political life • Cults became domesticated and watched annual plays • This leads to dramatic literature-tragedians and comedians-only 32 full plays survive • Philosophical groups:Epicureans(believed simple pleasures bring peace); Skeptics(doubted the correct knowledge to run an efficient political and moral code); Stoics(most respected and believed in the duty to aid others,be virtuous) • All of these addressed individual needs by searching for peace/serenity • Mystery religions-eternal bliss for observing rites(ex. Cult of Osiris) • Some believed in the worship of a savior whose death and resurrection leads to eternal salvation—their god has a plan for all

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