HIS 121

1. HIS 121 Chapter 5 Part II

2. Iran • From 1794-1925 Iran was ruled by the Qajar Dynasty • When one Shah tried to reform the country, he met with resistance from the Shi’ite population • The Shah then asked Russia & Britain for protection • Those against this protection formed the Persian Nationalist Movement

3. In 1906 the reigning Shah was forced to give the people a constitution, but he kept the protection of Russia and Britain who proceeded to divide up the country into spheres of influence; oil had been discovered there and the profits went to Britain and Russia • In 1921 a new Shah seized power: Reza Khan

4. Reza Khan • seized power in 1921 with the idea of establishing a republic; he was prevented by traditional forces • so he set up the Pahlavi Dynasty instead in 1925 • became an effective, modernizing ruler by creating a modern army, a new university, and a railroad • Reza Khan abdicated his throne in 1941, and his son took the throne • Mohammad Reza Shah then ruled from 1941-1979 when he was forced from power

5. Mohammad Reza Shah

6. Other areas of the old Ottoman Empire were given to France and Britain as mandates • There was an international zone around Jerusalem • In 1917 the British gave their support to the idea of an independent Jewish State; supported by the Zionist Movement led by Theodor Herzl • This support was made official in 1917 with the Balfour Declaration

7. Britain was given as mandates the territory that is today Israel and Jordan; Britain already had Cyprus and Egypt • France got Syria which they then divided into Syria and Lebanon

8. Saudi Arabia • In the early 1920s Ibn Saud united Arab tribes in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula and established the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by 1932

9. The Spread of Communism • Lenin believed that communism could be a worldwide movement • Many thought that communism could not take hold in places that did not have industry (the idea of the proletariat rising up and taking over the means of production) • Many third world nations did not have industry; they provided the raw materials

10. Vladimir Lenin

11. In 1921 Lenin desperately needed allies, so he tried to appeal to non-Western societies • He felt it was the raw materials that kept Western nations alive, so cut off the raw materials and the West would shrivel and die • But most nationalist leaders didn’t want all-out revolution at that time • And most of the people practiced religions that went against Marxist atheism

12. Lenin felt that if communist parties were formed in these societies from the working class, they could help the nationalists get rid of the colonizers • Once the colonizers were gone, the communists could push out the nationalists • So in the 1920s Soviet agents went around the world trying to make converts • To help, Lenin began the Communist International or theComintern dedicated to world revolution

13. By the end of the 1920s, almost every colonial or semi-colonial society in Asia had a party based on Marxism • Later some appeared in Africa like in the Sudan and the Ivory Coast • Communism appealed to those wishing to get rid of their colonizers and to those who wanted a classless society • It was difficult for communism to take hold in places with strong religion (Muslim societies)

14. Communism varied from place to place because it blended with local customs • Revolutionary Marxism had its greatest impact in China • The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was begun in 1921 at Peking University • The Guomindang (GMD) and the CCP tried to bring order to China in the 1920s • They were competing with one another for power

15. Each party tried to court the other • Actually, they were using one another and trying to take power from the war lords • Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 and was succeeded by Chiang Kai-shek • Sun Yat-sen • Chiang Kai-shek

16. Chiang moved against the communists in Shanghai in April 1927, killing thousands • Communists then started revolts in different parts of China but these were put down; their leaders were killed or forced into hiding • Chiang established the new Chinese Republic in 1928 and reunified China by 1931 • Communists were forced into the mountains of North China on the Long March in 1934

17. Communists under Mao Zedong would later become the best movers of the Chinese masses Mao Zedong

18. Chiang was able to hold onto power with the help of the United States until the late 1940s • He did have problems • Few administrative controls • Weak fiscal system • Control was mostly in the cities • Peasants got little from the GMD • Japanese aggression

19. Japan • Until the 1920s, it looked like Japan was a full-fledged democracy • Its economy was expanding but controlled by 4 Zaibatsu (financial cliques) by 1930 • Economic growth had come at the expense of the peasants who worked in industry; poor conditions • Japan had few raw materials of its own, so it began taking over other territories

20. Japan

21. They did try Shidehara Diplomacy (using diplomacy ) but it didn’t work very well in Asia • In the 1930s Japan also had to deal with the Great Depression, conflicts with China over Mongolia, and the rise of fascism • These added pressures brought the military into power with its authoritarianism • Japan’s aggression in China and the expansion of its navy upset relations with the U.S. and Britain who sold them scrap metal

22. Japan moved more and more towards fascism , like that found in Italy and Germany • Japan joined in an alliance with Italy and Germany (the Axis Powers) which helped bring them into World War II – although they had their own reasons

23. Latin America • Latin American countries primarily exported food and raw materials • They were very dependent on that income • The U.S. invested a lot of money in some Latin American companies • To protect U.S. interests, it would support a leader who might not be good for the people • There was growing hostility towards the U.S. because of this

24. Latin America

25. The U.S. even sent troops in to some Latin countries to protect our interests there • We were then seen as an aggressive, imperialist power • Franklin D. Roosevelt tried to improve relations in the 1930s with the Good Neighbor Policy • rejected the use of U.S. military force in the region • ex: FDR removed U.S. troops from Haiti in 1936

26. Since Latin American countries made most of their money from exports, the Depression was at first a disaster for them; no one was buying • But the situation forced them to start their own industry • At first they produced the products they imported the most; this is called import substitution • Then they began other industries • They invested in themselves and emerged from the Depression sooner than Western nations

27. Move towards authoritarianism: • Colonies • Republics by1830 -- dominated by elites and military • Tried democracy • Authoritarianism took hold in 1930s

28. Mexico • Porfirio Diaz (r. 1876-1910) • allowed U.S. investments • had hacienda system • 95% of Mexicans owned no land • wages went down • overthrown by Francisco Madero

29. Francisco Madero (r. 1911-1913) • idealist • upper-class • wanted democracy • moderate • well-educated • assassinated by Victoriano Huerta

30. Victoriano Huerta (r. 1913-1914) , overthrown with help from the United States • VenustianoCarranza (r. 1914-1920) • set up constitution that wasn’t enforced • called for land redistibution • Mexico for Mexicans but allowed U.S. investments • assassinated

31. Obregon and Calles governed in the 1920s – made some positive changes • Lazaro Cardenas • became president in 1934 • had wide support of peasants • redistributed 44 million acres of land and broke the hacienda system • seized U.S. land and mineral holdings in Mexico Obregon Calles

32. offered to reimburse Americans for their losses • Americans didn’t want to accept their low offer • FDR finally accepted Mexico’s offer because things were heating up again in Europe, and FDR remembered his history and the Zimmerman Telegram; if war broke out, he wanted Mexico on our side Cardenas

33. Culture: • Mexico supported its artists • Their work was used to promote their new stronger nation • Ex: Diego Rivera who produced monumental murals showing Mexico’s past and present

34. Conclusion • World War I and its resultant Great Depression brought turmoil to nations worldwide • Nations were no longer isolated from one another • What happened in one nation affected others