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CH. 7 – NERVOUS SYSTEM TEST #2

CH. 7 – NERVOUS SYSTEM TEST #2. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. NEURAL TUBE -FIRST APPEARANCE OF CNS DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT EXTENDS DOWN DORSAL MEDIAN PLANE BY 4 TH WK OF DEVELOPMENT: ANTERIOR END = BRAIN REMAINDER = SPINAL CORD. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

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CH. 7 – NERVOUS SYSTEM TEST #2

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  1. CH. 7 – NERVOUS SYSTEMTEST #2 THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • NEURAL TUBE-FIRST APPEARANCE OF CNS DURING EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT • EXTENDS DOWN DORSAL MEDIAN PLANE • BY 4TH WK OF DEVELOPMENT: • ANTERIOR END = BRAIN • REMAINDER = SPINAL CORD

  3. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

  4. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM • CENTRAL CANAL OF NEURAL TUBE ENLARGES, OPENS INTO 4 REGIONS TO FORM CHAMBERS – VENTRICLES

  5. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF BRAIN • ADULT BRAIN WEIGHS ABOUT 3 lbs. • LARGEST/MOST COMPLEX MASS OF NERVOUS TISSUE • DISCUSSED IN 4 REGIONS: • CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES • DIENCEPHALON • BRAIN STEM • CEREBELLUM

  6. BRAIN:CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES PART 1

  7. CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES • AKA – CEREBRUM • PAIRED – LEFT / RIGHT • ENCLOSE & OBSCURE THE BRAIN STEM

  8. CEREBRUM

  9. CEREBRUM • GYRI- “TWISTERS”; ELEVATED RIDGES • SULCI- “FURROWS”; SHALLOW GROOVES; SEPARATE GYRI • FISSURES – DEEPER GROOVES; SEPARATE LARGE REGIONS OF THE BRAIN • LONGITUDINAL FISSURE-SEPARATES RIGHT / LEFT CEREBRUM *IMPORTANT IN BRAIN LANDMARKS

  10. SENSORY & MOTOR AREAS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX

  11. CEREBRAL LOBES (4) • PARIETAL LOBE • OCCIPITAL LOBE • TEMPORAL LOBE • FRONTAL LOBE

  12. PARIETAL LOBE • SOMATIC, SENSORY AREA • POSTERIOR TO CENTRAL SULCUS • RECOGNIZE PAIN, COLDNESS, A LIGHT TOUCH • SENSORY PATHWAYS ARE CROSSED --->LEFT SIDE SENSORY CORTEX RECEIVES IMPULSES FROM THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY

  13. OCCIPITAL/TEMPORAL LOBES OCCIPITAL-VISUAL AREA IN POSTERIOR AREA TEMPORAL-AUDITORY, OLFACTORY, MEMORY STORAGE AREAS

  14. LOBES OF CEREBRUM

  15. FRONTAL LOBE • PRIMARY MOTOR AREA • CONSCIOUS MOVEMENT OF SKELETAL MUSCLES • AXONS OF THESE MOTOR NEURONS FORM THE PYRAMIDAL or (CORTICOSPINAL) TRACT – descends to the spinal cord

  16. FRONTAL LOBE • PATHWAYS ARE CROSSED • FINEST MOTOR CONTROL OF FACE, MOUTH, HANDS

  17. BROCA’S AREA • BASE OF PRE-CENTRAL GYRUS • ABILITY TO SPEAK • DAMAGE CAUSES INABILITY TO SAY WORDS PROPERLY; KNOW WHAT YOU WANT TO SAY BUT CAN’T VOCALIZE

  18. SPECIALZED AREAS OF CEREBRUM • HIGHER INTELLECTUAL REASONING • ANTERIOR FRONTAL LOBE • COMPLEX MEMORIES • STORED IN TEMPORAL & FRONTAL • LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION • FRONTAL LOBE • SPEECH AREA • JUNCTION OF TEMPORAL, PARIETAL, OCCIPITAL LOBES

  19. LAYERS OF CEREBRUM • GRAY MATTER – OUTER LAYER; NEURON CELL BODIES • CEREBRAL CORTEX-OUTERMOST GRAY MATTER OF CEREBRUM • WHITE MATTER-REMAINING DEEPER CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE TISSUE • CORPUS CALLOSUM-CONNECTS CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; ALLOWS COMMUNICATION B/T RIGHT/LEFT SIDES

  20. LAYERS OF CEREBRUM

  21. LAYERS OF CEREBRUM • BASAL NUCLEI- “ISLANDS” OF GRAY MATTER BURIED DEEP WITHIN WHITE MATTER • REGULATE VOLUNTARY MOTOR ACTIVITY BY MODIFYING SENT INSTRUCTIONS • DAMAGE/DISORDER = INABILITY TO WALK NORMALLY OR CARRY OUT OTHER VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS • HUNTINGTON’S & PARKINSON’S DISEASE

  22. BASAL NUCLEI

  23. BRAIN:DIENCEPHALON PART 2

  24. DIENCEPHALON • “INTERBRAIN” • SITS ON TOP OF BRAIN STEM • ENCLOSED BY CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES • 3 MAJOR PARTS: • THALAMUS • HYPOTHALAMUS • EPITHALAMUS

  25. THALAMUS • RELAY STATION FOR IMPULSES • TRANSFER IMPULSE TO THE CORRECT PART OF THE CORTEX FOR LOCALIZATION & INTERPRETATION • PLEASANT OR UNPLEASANT SENSATION

  26. HYPOTHALAMUS • FLOOR OF DIENCEPHALON • UNDER THALAMUS • IMPORTANT AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL: • REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE • CONTROLS WATER BALANCE • REGULATES METABOLISM

  27. HYPOTHALAMUS • CENTER FOR DRIVES & EMOTIONS • PART OF LIMBIC SYSTEM (EMOTIONAL/VISCERAL BRAIN) • THIRST, APPETITE, SEX, PAIN, PLEASURE CENTERS • REGULATES PITUITARY GLAND (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM) • PRODUCES 2 HORMONES

  28. HYPOTHALAMUS • MAMMILLARY BODIES – REFLEX CENTER ASSOCIATED WITH OLFACTORY (SMELL) • BULGE FROM FLOOR OF HYPOTHALAMUS

  29. EPITHALAMUS • VITAL PARTS: • PINEAL BODY (ENDOCRINE GLAND) • CHOROID PLEXUS – KNOTS OF CAPILLARIES – FORM CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

  30. EPITHALAMUS

  31. BRAIN:BRAIN STEM PART 3

  32. BRAIN STEM • ATTACHES BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD • SIZE OF A THUMB IN DIAMETER • 3 INCHES LONG

  33. BRAIN STEM STRUCTURES • MIDBRAIN • PONS • MEDULLA OBLONGATA

  34. BRAIN STEM FUNCTIONS • PROVIDES A PATHWAY FOR ASCENDING & DESCENDING TRACTS • HOUSES GRAY MATTER AREAS – FORM CRANIAL NERVES & CONTROL VITAL ACTIVITIES (BREATHING & BP)

  35. MIDBRAIN • SMALL PART OF BRAINSTEM • CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT • CANAL CONNECTS 3RD & 4TH VENT. • CEREBRAL PEDNUCLES • CONVEY ASCENDING & DESCENDING IMPULSES • CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA • REFLEX CENTERS FOR HEARING/VISION

  36. PONS • “BRIDGE” – PROTRUDES BELOW MIDBRAIN • BULGING, CENTER PART OF BRAIN • COMPOSED MOSTLY OF FIBER TRACTS • MAJOR ROLE IN CONTROL OF BREATHING

  37. MEDULLA OBLONGATA • LOWEST PART OF BRAIN STEM • MERGES INTO SPINAL CORD • MAJOR FIBER TRACT AREA • CENTERS THAT CONTROL: • HEART RATE, BP, BREATHING, SWALLOWING, VOMITING

  38. RETICULAR FORMATION • DIFFUSE MASS OF GRAY MATTER EXTENDING ENTIRE LENGTH OF BRAIN STEM • MOTOR CONTROL OF VISCERAL ORGANS • RAS – ROLE IN CONSCIOUSNESS & AWAKE/SLEEP CYCLES • DAMAGE-->PERMANENT UNCONSCIOUSNESS (COMA)

  39. BRAIN:CEREBELLUM PART 4

  40. CEREBELLUM • LARGE, CAULIFLOWER-LIKE • PROJECTS DORSALLY FROM UNDER OCCIPITAL LOBE • 2 HEMISPHERES • CONVOLUTED SURFACE • OUTER CORTEX OF GRAY MATTER • INNER=WHITE

  41. CEREBELLUM FUNCTIONS • INVOLUNTARY • PRECISE TIMING OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY • CONTROLS BALANCE/EQUILIBRIUM->MAKING BODY MOVEMENT SMOOTH AND CONTROLLED • “AUTO – PILOT” FOR BODY – BRAIN’S “INTENTIONS” WITH ACTUAL BODY PERFORMANCE

  42. CEREBELLUM DAMAGE • CLUMSY, DISORGANIZED MOVEMENTS • APPEAR DRUNK --->CANNOT KEEP BALANCE DUE TO LOSS OF MUSCULAR COORDINATION • INABILITY TO TOUCH FINGER TO NOSE W/ EYES CLOSED (PROPRIOCEPTION)

  43. PROTECTION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PAGE 220

  44. PROTECTION OF CNS BRAIN & SPINAL CORD ENCLOSED • W/IN BONE (SKULL & VERT COL) • MEMBRANES (MENINGES) • WATERY CUSHION (CEREBROSPINAL FLUID) • SCALP AND SKIN • BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

  45. PROTECTION OF CNS

  46. MENINGES • 3 CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANES THAT COVER & PROTECT THE CNS • 3 LAYERS: • DURA MATER • ARACHNOID MATER • PIA MATER

  47. DURA MATER • OUTERMOST LAYER • DOUBLE LAYERED WHERE IT SURROUNDS THE BRAIN • 1ST LAYER ATTACHES TO INNER SURFACE OF SKULL (PERIOSTEAL LAYER) • 2ND LAYER FORMS OUTER COVER OF BRAIN (MENINGEAL LAYER)

  48. DURA MATER

  49. ARACHNOID LAYER • MIDDLE LAYER • WEB LIKE • ATTACH TO PIA MATER (3RD LAYER) • SUBARACHNOID SPACE FILLED W/ CSF • ARACHNOID VILLI-ABSORPTION OF CSF

  50. PIA MATER • DELICATE LAYER • CLINGS TIGHTLY TO BRAIN & SPINAL CORD – FOLLOWS EVERY FOLD

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