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Q cycle. Ubiquinone (Q) pool is critical to H + shuttling to maintain the pmf and drive phosphorylation to produce ATP.
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Q cycle • Ubiquinone (Q) pool is critical to H+ shuttling to maintain the pmf and drive phosphorylation to produce ATP Quinone (Q) is reduced with an electron through cytochrome bc1 to form hydroquinone (QH2) – QH2 is then oxidized by another site on cytochrome bc1 back to Q – this shuttles H+ across the membrane, the H+ goes through ATPase back into the cell, generating ATP
Growth • Monod equation – accounts for substrate availability and idea that organism can only eat so fast… (saturation of transporters) • Michaelis-Menton equation, derived from enzyme activities, also accounts for substrate availability and idea that specific number of enzymes can only work so fast…
Specific growth rate, m, (time-1) • Specific metabolic rate, V, (mmol cell-1 h-1)
0.5 m ‘thiovulum’ mats, Pozzo di Cristale, Frassassi caves
Biofilms’ genetic expression different • When in a biofilm the same organism express different proteins • Functions become specialized
Different cells communicate to coordinate behaviors/genetic expression in a biofilm • Cells can sense when there is a sufficient density of cells and the conditions to create a biofilm – quorum sensing
Capabilities of the group • Biofilms are ore resistant to attack than planktonic expressions of the same organisms (attack = antimicrobial agents, viruses, physicochemical changes)