Unit 4 Common Sense or Legal Intervention

1. Unit 4 Common Sense or Legal Intervention

2. New words and expressions for Reading One: • burka: （穆斯林女子在公众场合下穿的）蒙住全身（只留眼睛）的长袍 • hip: If you say that someone is hip, you mean that they are very modern and follow all the latest fashions, for example in clothes and ideas. (INFORMAL) • ...a hip young character with tight-cropped blond hair and stylish glasses. • = trendy, cool

3. gratuitous: If you describe something as gratuitous, you mean that it is unnecessary, and often harmful or upsetting. • There’s too much crime and gratuitous violence on TV.

4. butt: The butt of a cigarette or cigar is the small part of it that is left when someone has finished smoking it. • = stub • home office: 总机构, 总店, 总公司 • hard line: a firm, uncompromising policy, position, or stance • The president should abandon his hard line in the region.

5. brawny: Someone who is brawny is strong and has big muscles. • ...a brawny young man. • = strapping • cowpoke: [countable] American English old-fashioned • a cowboy • tawny: Tawny hair, fur, or skin is a pale brown color. 黄褐色的；茶色的 • She had tawny hair.

6. siren: Some people refer to a woman as a siren when they think that she is attractive to men but dangerous in some way. (LITERARY) • He depicts her as a siren who has drawn him to his ruin. • obscure: If one thing obscures another, it prevents it from being seen or heard properly. • One wall of the parliament building is now almost completely obscured by a huge banner.

7. sap: If something saps your strength or confidence, it gradually weakens or destroys it. • I was afraid the sickness had sapped my strength... • fritter away: If someone fritters away time or money, they waste it on unimportant or unnecessary things. • I seem to fritter my time away at coffee mornings（咖啡早茶会）. • He frittered away a fortune on fast cars and gambling. • = squander

8. flick: to make something move away by hitting or pushing it suddenly or quickly, especially with your thumb and finger • vice: A vice is a habit which is regarded as a weakness in someone’s character, but not usually as a serious fault. • Intellectual pretension was never one of his vices.

9. cessation: The cessation of something is the stopping of it. (FORMAL) • He would not agree to a cessation of hostilities. • formulate: If you formulate something such as a plan or proposal, you invent it, thinking about the details carefully. • Little by little, he formulated his plan for escape. • = devise

10. querulous: Someone who is querulous often complains about things. (FORMAL) • ‘But why can’t I go?’ he said in a querulous voice. • dictate:If one thing dictates another, the first thing causes or influences the second thing. • The film’s budget dictated a tough schedule... • Of course, a number of factors will dictate how long an apple tree can survive... • Circumstances dictated that they played a defensive rather than attacking game.

11. congressional:A congressional policy, action, or person relates to the United States Congress. • The president explained his plans to congressional leaders. • properly conceived: planned well and having an aim that is likely to be achieved

12. crusade: A crusade is a long and determined attempt to achieve something for a cause that you feel strongly about. • = campaign

13. Check Your Comprehension B • 1. Last week smoking on the job was banned absolutely in the corporation I manage. We enjoyed clean air again, but at the same time had to suffer from the sudden withdrawal of nicotine. • 2. No matter how attractive and enchanting all the muscular cowboys and blond beauties in cigarette commercials are, they cannot hide the fact that smoking is responsible for every one out of seven deaths in the country.

14. Check Your Comprehension B • 3. If time is going to be wasted, it’s a better idea to waste it on daydreaming and chatting instead of on smoking.

15. New words and expressions for Reading Two: • tuberculosis: Tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease that affects someone’s lungs and other parts of their body. The abbreviation TB is also used. • malaria: Malaria is a serious disease carried by mosquitoes which causes periods of fever.

16. epidemic: If there is an epidemic of a particular disease somewhere, it affects a very large number of people there and spreads quickly to other areas. • A flu epidemic is sweeping through Moscow. • ...a killer epidemic of yellow fever （黄热病）.

17. arena: An arena is a place where sports, entertainments, and other public events take place. It has seats around it where people sit and watch. • ...the largest indoor sports arena in the world. • = stadium • to capacity: 达最大限度、满负载 • outcry: An outcry is a reaction of strong disapproval and anger shown by the public or media about a recent event. • The killing caused an international outcry...

18. hard-hitting: If you describe a report or speech as hard-hitting, you like the way it talks about difficult or serious matters in a bold and direct way. (JOURNALISM) • In a hard-hitting speech to the IMF, he urged third world countries to undertake sweeping reforms.

19. nicotine patch: a patch impregnated with nicotine, which is worn on the skin by a person trying to give up smoking. Nicotine is gradually absorbed into the bloodstream, helping reduce the craving for cigarettes 尼古丁戒烟贴

20. philanthropist: A philanthropist is someone who freely gives money and help to people who need it. • be tied up: If someone or something is tied up, they are busy or being used, with the result that they are not available for anything else. (INFORMAL) • He’s tied up with his new book. He’s working hard, you know...

21. treaty: A treaty is a written agreement between countries in which they agree to do a particular thing or to help each other. • ...negotiations over a 1992 treaty on global warming. • nicotine gum: 尼古丁口香糖—每颗口香糖中含有2-4毫克的尼古丁，其中50%的尼古丁可被使用者吸收。尼古丁口香糖的使用方法为：放入口中慢慢咀嚼直到有辣味产生，然后含在舌下等味道变淡后再咀嚼，反复多次，持续约30分钟。

22. triple: If something triples or if you triple it, it becomes three times as large in size or number. • I got a fantastic new job and my salary tripled... • The Exhibition has tripled in size from last year... • The merger puts the firm in a position to triple its earnings.

23. graphic: of, relating to, or denoting a visual image（与）可视图像（有关）的 • enforce: If people in authority enforce a law or a rule, they make sure that it is obeyed, usually by punishing people who do not obey it. • Until now, the government has only enforced the ban with regard to American ships...

24. counter: If you do something to counter a particular action or process, you do something which has an opposite effect to it or makes it less effective. • The leadership discussed a plan of economic measures to counter the effects of such a blockade... • Sears then countered by filing an antitrust lawsuit.

25. disincentive: A disincentive is something which discourages people from behaving or acting in a particular way. (FORMAL) • High marginal tax rates may act as a disincentive to working longer hours. • = deterrent ≠ incentive

26. revenue: a state’s annual income from which public expenses are met 岁入，税收 • stand up to: If you stand up to someone, especially someone more powerful than you are, you defend yourself against their attacks or demands. • He hit me, so I hit him back – the first time in my life I’d stood up to him...

27. skeptic: A skeptic is a person who has doubts about things that other people believe. • But he now has to convince skeptics that he has a serious plan. • entrenched: If something such as power, a custom, or an idea is entrenched, it is firmly established, so that it would be difficult to change it.

28. hang in the balance: If something hangs in the balance, it is uncertain whether it will happen or continue.

29. Check Your Comprehension B • 1. The three diseases, i.e. tuberculosis, AIDS and malaria have been given a lot of attention by newspapers, radio, and television in their reporting. In addition, they have also been given a huge amount of funding. This is perfectly understandable. • 2. Imagine a college basketball stadium which is completely full.

30. Check Your Comprehension B • 3. There was a strong public reaction against the law banning smoking in all workplaces, but after the law was actually implemented, people loved it. • 4. When I talked to those who donate money and those who specialize in public health, I got to know that money for public health was invested entirely in fighting other causes of death with almost no money for fighting tobacco.

31. Check Your Comprehension B • 5. Now more people are protected by the anti-smoking strategies and more countries are starting to implement all the six strategies. This is partly because of the local groups we are helping in different parts of the world and government officials who are refusing to accept unjust treatment by the tobacco companies.

32. Check Your Comprehension B • 6. Of course, those who doubt the effectiveness of the anti-smoking strategies say that the problem of smoking is impossible to solve as smoking is deeply rooted in their culture.

33. New words and expressions for Reading Three: • stalk: If you stalk a person or a wild animal, you follow them quietly in order to kill them, catch them, or observe them carefully. • He stalks his victims like a hunter after a deer. • = track

34. sexuality:the things people do, think, and feel that are related to their sexual desires • parody: When someone parodies a particular work, thing, or person, they imitate it in an amusing or exaggerated way. • fervently: A fervent person has or shows strong feelings about something, and is very sincere and enthusiastic about it. “Fervently” is the adverb form.

35. repent: If you repent, you show or say that you are sorry for something wrong you have done. • Those who refuse to repent, he said, will be punished... • Did he repent of anything in his life? • Repent your sins and you will be forgiven. • party animal:[countable] informal • someone who enjoys going to parties and drinking a lot of alcohol, and behaving in a loud and often rude way

36. accomplice: Someone’s accomplice is a person who helps them to commit a crime. • The gunman escaped on a motorcycle being ridden by an accomplice. • untold: You can use untold to emphasize that an amount or quantity is very large, especially when you are not sure how large it is.

37. staunch: A staunch supporter or believer is very loyal to a person, organization, or set of beliefs, and supports them strongly. • He’s a staunch supporter of controls on government spending. • = steadfast • campaigner: A campaigner is a person who campaigns for social or political change.

38. luscious: If you describe a woman or something about her as luscious, you mean that you find her or this thing sexually attractive. • ...a luscious young blonde... • What I like most about Gabby is her luscious lips!

39. sure-fire: A sure-fire thing is something that is certain to succeed or win. (INFORMAL) • Children soon learn that bad behavior is a surefire way of getting attention. • ooze: If you say that someone or something oozes a quality or characteristic, or oozes with it, you mean that they show it very strongly. • The Elizabethan house oozes charm... • Manchester United were by now oozing with confidence.

40. style: If people or places have style, they are smart and elegant. • She had not lost her grace and style. • finger: If you finger something, you touch or feel it with your fingers. • He fingered the few coins in his pocket... • Self-consciously she fingered the emeralds at her throat.

41. cigarette holder: 烟斗 • dangle: If something dangles from somewhere or if you dangle it somewhere, it hangs or swings loosely. • A gold bracelet dangled from his left wrist... • He and I were sitting out on his jetty（防波堤）dangling our legs in the water.

42. about-face:An about-face is a complete change of attitude or opinion. • Few observers believe the president will do an about-face and start spending more. • = U-turn • appendage: An appendage is something that is joined to or connected with something larger or more important. (FORMAL) • ...the growing demand in Wales for recognition that it was not just an appendage to England...

43. born-again: A born-again Christian is a person who has become an evangelical Christian (evangelical Christians believe that they should persuade as many people as possible to become Christians) as a result of a religious experience. You can use born-again to describe someone who has adopted a new set of beliefs or a new way of life and is very enthusiastic about it. • As a ’born-again’ cyclist I had decided that this season I would ride in a few races.

44. ill-founded: Something that is ill-founded is not based on any proper proof or evidence. • Suspicion and jealousy, however ill-founded, can poison a marriage. • will power: Will power is a very strong determination to do something. • His attempts to stop smoking by will power alone failed. • It took all his will power to remain calm.

45. stance: Your stance on a particular matter is your attitude to it. • The Congress had agreed to reconsider its stance on the armed struggle... • The President has adopted a tough stance on terrorism. • = position

46. militancy: You use militant to describe people who believe in something very strongly and are active in trying to bring about political or social change, often in extreme ways that other people find unacceptable. “Militancy” is the noun form. • domain: A domain is a particular field of thought, activity, or interest, especially one over which someone has control, influence, or rights. (FORMAL) • ...the great experimenters in the domain of art...

47. lead: The lead in a play, film, or show is the most important part in it. The person who plays this part can also be called the lead. • play the lead/the lead role • He will play the lead role in Hamlet. • flawed: having a lot of defects

48. loath: If you are loath to do something, you do not want to do it. • Sarah was loath to tell her mother what had happened. • = reluctant • bugger up: If someone buggers something up, they ruin it or spoil it. (BRIT INFORMAL, RUDE) • It really buggered up our plans when the train was cancelled. • = cock up, mess up

49. a far cry: to be very different from something • The company lost £3 million, which is a far cry from last year’s £60 million profit. • blatant: You use blatant to describe something bad that is done in an open or very obvious way. 公然的；毫不掩饰的 • Outsiders will continue to suffer the most blatant discrimination.

50. outback: The parts of Australia that are far away from towns are referred to as the outback. • pothead: one who habitually smokes marijuana 吸大麻者 • gritty: Someone who is gritty is brave and determined. • We have to prove how gritty we are. • ...a gritty determination to avoid humiliation.