Section 2-1a

1. The Climate and Vegetation Read to Discover… • how latitude and water bodies affect Europe’s climate regions. • why Europe’s natural vegetation has changed over the centuries.  Key Termsmistral, sirocco, permafrost, foehn, avalanche, chaparral Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 2-1a

2. The Climate and Vegetation Identify and LocateGulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift, Climate regions: marine west coast, Mediterranean, humid continental, humid subtropical, steppe, subarctic, tundra, highland Section Objectives 1. Discuss how latitude and water bodies affect Europe’s climate regions. 2. Recognizewhy Europe’s natural vegetation has changed over the centuries. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides. Section 2-1b

3. Introduction • Europe’s climates vary from the tundra and subarctic regions of Iceland, Scandinavia, and Finland to the Mediterranean coasts of Italy, Spain, and Greece.  • Europe’s northern latitude and its location near large bodies of water are major factors in determining the diversity of its climates and vegetation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-2

4. REGION Europe’s Climate Regions • In spite of Europe’s northern location, most of the continent has a mild climate.  • Europe’s peninsular location in relation to the sea helps explain its relatively mild climate. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-3

5. Major Climate Regions • In western Europe–from the Arctic Circle to the Alps and from Ireland to the western parts of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary–there is a marine west coast climate.  • Northwest Europe’s temperate, moist climate is caused by winds that blow across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean.  • Most of southern Europe has a Mediterranean climate. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-4

6. Major Climate Regions (cont.) • The mistral, a strong, northerly wind from the Alps, may bring very cold air to southern France.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

8. Major Climate Regions (cont.) • Siroccos, hot winds from the North African deserts of Libya, can bring desert air and dust.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

9. Major Climate Regions (cont.) • Most of eastern and northern Europe and the southern parts of Sweden and Finland have a humid continental climate. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

10. Other Climates • A humid subtropical region stretches from northern Italy to the central part of the Balkan Peninsula.  • Parts of Spain’s Meseta have a steppe, or partly dry, climate.  • Most of Iceland and the northern parts of Scandinavia and Finland have subarctic and tundra climates.  • Tundra and subarctic regions have permafrost, soil that is often permanently frozen below the surface. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-6

11. Other Climates (cont.) • The Alps have a highland climate with generally colder temperatures and more precipitation than other regions.  • Dry winds called foehns,blowing down from the mountains, can cause an avalanche, a mass of ice, snow, or rock sliding down a mountainside. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

12. Map Supplement 2.1

13. Chart Supplement 2.1

14. HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION Europe’s Vegetation • The natural vegetation of Europe consists of forests, grasslands, and tundra plants, which are closely linked to the climate regions.  • Changing climate patterns have affected vegetation, but people have caused even greater changes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

15. Natural Vegetation Patterns • Deciduous forests, trees that lose their leaves, are the natural vegetation of Europe’s marine west coast climate region.  • Coniferous forests are common in northern Europe and in mountain areas.  • Mediterranean climates support broad-leaved evergreens, with tough, waxy leaves to conserve moisture.  • Parts of the North European Plain consist of grasslands. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

16. Natural Vegetation Patterns Broadleaf Evergreen Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

17. Natural Vegetation Patterns (cont.) • The hot, dry summers of the Mediterranean area produce chaparral, or shrubs and short trees.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-10

18. Natural Vegetation Patterns (cont.) • The tundra region near Europe’s Arctic coast supports little vegetation.  • The upper slopes of the Alps resemble the tundra and support similar kinds of vegetation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-10

19. Natural Vegetation Patterns (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-10

20. Map Supplement 2.2

21. Human Interaction • Europeans cut down most of the natural forests to clear the land for agriculture and industry.  • Today, in much of the once-forested land, there are urban areas and farms.  • Because forests still cover parts of Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Slovakia, and the Czech Republic, lumbering is an important industry in these regions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-11

22. Human Interaction (cont.) • Some European governments regulate the cutting of trees to protect forests.  • Air pollution poses a serious threat to forests and other natural vegetation.  • In many industrialized countries, such as Germany, Belgium, Poland, and the Czech Republic, auto and factory pollution has brought widespread disaster to many woodlands. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

23. In which country is the Black Forest located? The Black Forest is located in Germany. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-Review 1

24. How has human interaction with the environment changed vegetation patterns in Europe? People cut down forests in much of Europe and used the land for agriculture. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-Review 2

25. End of Section 2