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1. Classification Chapter 11 Preview Section 1 Sorting It All Out Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Concept Map

2. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Bellringer Write a few sentences describing how you think that scientists categorize organisms into groups. Write your response in your Science Journal.

3. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 What You Will Learn • Scientists use classification to study organisms and how organisms are related to each other. • The eight levels of classification are the domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. • Each organism that has been described is given a scientific name. • Branching diagrams show relatedness between living and extinct organisms over time.

4. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Why Classify? • Classification is putting things into orderly groups based on similar characteristics. • Scientists classify both living and extinct organisms. They use a system to group organisms according to the characteristics that they share. • Classification of organisms answers questions about defining characteristics, evolutionary history, and relationships between species.

5. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 How Do Scientists Classify Organisms? • Taxonomy is the science of describing, classifying and naming organisms. • Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish scientist, founded modern taxonomy in the 1700s. He classified organisms based on their characteristics. • This process is called systematics, and is still in use today.

6. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 How Do Scientists Classify Organisms?, continued • Scientists use an eight-level system to classify organisms by their shared derived characteristics. • A shared derived characteristic is shared by two or more kinds of organisms with their most recent ancestor. • The more derived characteristics organism share, the more closely related the organisms are.

7. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 How Do Scientists Classify Organisms?, continued • A branching diagram can be used to show shared characteristics. Branching diagrams are also used to show evolutionary history. • Organisms and characteristics on branches that begin higher on the diagram evolved more recently. • Organisms and characteristics on branches that begin lower on the diagram are more ancient.

8. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11

9. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Levels of Classification • Every organism belongs to one of three domains. Domains are the largest, most general groups. • From domains, organisms can be further sorted into kingdoms. The members of a kingdom share characteristics, but there is still much diversity at this level. • The members of a kingdom are more like each other than they are like the members of another kingdom.

10. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Levels of Classification, continued • From kingdoms, organisms can be further sorted into phyla (singular, phylum). Members of each phyla are sorted into classes. • Members of each class are sorted into orders. Members of orders are sorted into families, members of families into genera (singular, genus), and finally, members of genera are sorted into individual species.

11. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11

12. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Scientific Names • Scientists once gave organisms very long names. Organisms also have many common names, and names in different languages. • To solve the confusion, scientists give each organism a two-part scientific name. The name is unique for each organism, and the same around the world. • The system was started by Linnaeus, and consists of the genus name followed by the specific name.

13. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Scientific Names, continued • For example, the Asian elephant’s scientific name is Elephas maximus. The first part is the genus name, and is always capitalized. • The second part of the name is the specific name, and is always lower case. The specific name does not appear without the genus name. • Both parts of the name are usually in italics or underlined.

14. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Scientific Names, continued • Scientific names are usually in Latin or Greek, and are descriptive in some way. • For example, the scientific name Tyrannosaurus rex is from two Greek words and a Latin word. Tyrannosaurus means “tyrant lizard” and rex is Latin for “king.” • Sometimes the genus name is abbreviated, as in the case of T. rex.

15. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Extinct Organisms and Living Organisms • Scientists study the fossil remains of organisms to help determine evolutionary relationships with living organisms. • Extinct organisms and living organisms can exist on the same branching diagram.

16. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11 Fossils and Branching Diagrams • Scientists put living and extinct species on the same branching diagram to show the evolutionary history of several related organisms. • A branching diagram may also imply a time scale. • The implied time scale shows when each organism first appeared and when it became extinct relative to the other organisms in the diagram.

17. Section 1 Sorting It All Out Chapter 11

18. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Bellringer Write a short paragraph describing how shared derived characteristics play a role in classifying organisms. Write your response in your Science Journal.

19. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 What You Will Learn • Classification systems change as greater numbers of different organisms are described. • All prokaryotes are divided into one of two domains, domain Archaea or domain Bacteria. • All eukaryotes are classified into the domain Eukarya, which is divided into four kingdoms.

20. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Three Domains • At one time, all organisms were classified as belonging to either the plant kingdom or the animal kingdom. • Over time, several other kingdoms were added to help distinguish differences between organisms. • More recently, a broader category was added: the domain.

21. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Three Domains, continued • Domains represent the largest differences among organisms. Members of a domain share certain characteristics, but are quite different from members of other domains. • All organisms belong to one of three domains. The domains are further divided into kingdoms.

22. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11

23. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Archaea • The domain Archaea is made up entirely of archaea, which are one of two kinds of prokaryotes. • Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus. • Archaea were first discovered in extreme environments, such as hot springs. They can also be found in more moderate environments.

24. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Bacteria • All bacteria belong to the domain Bacteria. Bacteria are the other kind of prokaryote. • Some bacteria cause disease. Other bacteria help fight disease. Some bacteria are useful. A type of bacteria turns milk into yogurt. • Escherichia coli (or E. coli) is a bacterium found in large numbers in the human intestine.

25. Classification Chapter 11 Bacteria

26. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Eukarya • All eukaryotes belong to the domain Eukarya. A eukaryote is an organism whose cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. • The domain Eukarya is divided into four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

27. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11

28. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Eukarya, continued • Kingdom Protista Members of the kingdom Protista are single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. • Commonly called protists, they are believed to have evolved from from bacteria about 2 billion years ago. • Protists eventually gave rise to plants, fungi, and animals.

29. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Eukarya, continued • Plant-like protists are called algae. Animal-like protists are called protozoa. Slime molds, once classified as fungi, are also protists.

30. Classification Chapter 11 Types of Animal-like Protists

31. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Eukarya, continued • Kingdom Fungi Members of the kingdom Fungi do not move, cannot perform photosynthesis, and must absorb nutrients form their surroundings. • Mushrooms and molds are examples of fungi.

32. Classification Chapter 11 Characteristics of Fungi

33. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Eukarya, continued • Kingdom Plantae Members of the kingdom Plantae have cell walls and make food through photosynthesis. • Plants need light for photosynthesis, so plants live on land or in water shallow enough for light to penetrate.

34. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Eukarya, continued • The food made by photosynthesis is used by the plants, but is also an important source of food for other organisms. • Many animals, fungi, bacteria, and protists consume plants. • Plants also provide valuable habitat for other organisms.

35. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Domain Eukarya, continued • Kingdom Animalia The kingdom Animalia includes multicellular organisms that lack cell walls, are usually able to move about, and have sense organs. • The sense organs and ability to move allow animals to respond quickly to their environments. • Animals are dependent on the other kingdoms for survival.

36. Section 2 Domains and Kingdoms Chapter 11 Strange Organisms • It is not always obvious how to classify a particular organism. • For example, some protists are photosynthetic like plants, and some can move about like animals. Some can do both. • Corals are classified as animals, but were once considered plants. Unlike most animals, corals lack sense organs and cannot move.

37. Classification Chapter 11 Concept Map Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.

38. Classification Chapter 11 Concept Map

39. Classification Chapter 11 Concept Map