Good Governance Seminar Ethics in Sports & Sport Management Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D.

Good Governance SeminarEthics in Sports & Sport Management Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana

ABOUT THE PRESENTER Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Address University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Sports Gortanova 22 SI-1000 Ljubljana Slovenia Contact Phone: +386 1 5892 521 Email: matej.tusak@fsp.uni-lj.si Web: http://www.matejtusak.si

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management SPORT IN MODERN WORLD The subject of sport psychology has been lately focused also on ethical behavior, fair play and morality. Even though sport psychology and kinesiology provided many different concepts which helped to develop mature and emotional stable athletes throughout the history the elite sport has reached a level where pressure from all stakeholders deeply affects the athletes, other individuals and thus the whole sport ecosystem as a whole. New policies should be developed or reshaped to the new circumstances in order to avoid athletes from falling into different types of personal crisis and also enabling sport to develop in a way to follow its cause and principles.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management ATHLETES AS A ROLE MODELS

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management ATHLETES CHOOSE SHORTCUTS WHICH ARE SOMETIMES ILLEGAL, MORALY UNACCEPTABLE AND NON-ETHICAL, BAD FOR SPORT, MANY TIMES ALSO VERY UNHEALTHY. • Sport managers as a role model, a leader, a key factor, and a father in sport. • Coach‘s and sport managers‘ maladaptive behaviors: • Doping in sport • Cheating in sport • Sexual harassment of athletes • Developing over aggressiveness • Developing social unacceptable norms and behavior, • Emphasizing specific disease and illness and unfair play • Developing the role of BAD GUY in sport

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management BAD AND SAD STORIES IN SPORT [DOPING] Marion Jones Marco Pantani

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management OVERAGRESIVENESS

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management PSYCHOLOGY – MIND

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management KEY THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES • From Theory To Practice (Dilemmas) • Sport As A Process (Basic Concepts; Armstrong) • Fair Play, Cheating, Ethics, Morality, Learning Process • Questions & Dilemmas Instead Of Answers

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management ETHICS IN SPORT Ethics comes from Greek word ethos, which means character or human dispositions or science about morality. Ethics answer basic questions on what is good and bad, right and wrong. It plays important role by forming process of values in society (sport society).

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management MORALITY IN SPORT It comes out of Latin word moralis, mos, which is connected to personal habits and way of life. It is also connected to what is right and wrong, bad or good according to the purpose, motives, intention, act or character of people, who do this behavior. Tušak, Tušak, 2003

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management THEORY & PRACTICE • Moral decision in real life situation • The modern theory of evolution emphasizes that the basic function of morality is to sustain cooperative relations among people. • Is it possible to combine morality and top sport? • Freud, egoistic child

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management MORAL JUDGEMENT IN SPORT • It affects actions on sport courts and outside • It affects fair play (equal chances for all) • The decision what is right or wrong depends on • what we know about play, other feelings, our values, attitudes and other's expectations; • how we value: the winning and advantage, love to play, us, others, competitions… • what we decide to do, • how we act according to our decision…

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management FAIR PLAY AS A PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SPORT PARTICIPANTS • RESPECT OF THE PHYSICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTACT between participants, • CONCERNS ABOUT THEIR OWN AND OPPONENT HEALTH • EFFORTS FOR ACHIEVING SUCCESS AND HIGHER STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE (downhill) • ACCEPTING RULES AND JUDGES‘S DECISIONS • DEVELOPMENT OF SELF CONTROL by winning, losing, sociability and awareness of other's players interests

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management FAIR PLAY AS A CONCERN OF SPORT ORGANISATIONS THROUGH RULES • FORMING RULES (attractiveness of sport, OG-norms, body mass, etc.) • CREATING COMPETITIONS where everybody has a chance (ski jumping, gymnastics) • CONTROLLING TRAINING & COMPETITION CONDITIONS with equal chances for everyone (ski jumping) • DEVELOPING ACTIVITIES & PROGRAMS suitable for all (Olympic and Paralympic), • CONTROLLING COMMERCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCES which impact justice of possibilities

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management TONYA HARDING TAKES A HIT OUT ON NANCY KERRIGAN Tonya Harding was the 1991 US figure skating champion and only the second woman to ever land a triple axel in competition. She became just a touch more famous in 1994, when her ex-husband hit Nancy Kerrigan in the knee, leading to one of the more pathetic moments in sports history. Incredibly, Harding still was allowed to compete in the 1994 Olympics after it was found that she had conspired with her ex-husband to attack Kerrigan. The US Olympic Committee tried to bar her from competition, but relented when she threatened legal action. She eventually received a large fine and community service for the attack, and eventually revealed herself to be a complete hillbilly, competing in female boxing, gaining a tremendous amount of weight, and releasing a sex tape that has been rumored to cause blindness.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management SPANISH PARALYMPIANS PLAY A MEAN TRICK 2000 Paralympics saw the basketball team from Spain take the gold medal in the “intellectual disability” category. Carlos Ribagorda, an undercover journalist, revealed that the players on Spain’s team had not actually undergone the testing required to prove mental deficiency. It turned out that ten of the twelve players on the Spain basketball team were perfectly normal.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management DORA OR HERMANN? Dora Ratjen was a German athlete who competed in the 1936 Olympics in the High Jump. Not much of a story really, except for one thing: Dora was actually Hermann, a man who was coerced by the Hitler Youth into tightly binding his genitals and competing against women. The German Olympic team struggled in the previous Olympic games, and so it was thought entering a man here and there on the women’s side of things might remedy the situation. But German men couldn’t even beat the women of other countries, as Ratjen finished fourth, failing to medal.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management THE HAND OF GOD Easily one of the most famous plays in sports history, Diego Maradona’s goal came six minutes into the second half of the 1986 World Cup quarter-final between England and Argentina. Maradona punched the ball into the goal with his left hand, and referee Ali Bin Nasser allowed it, not having seen the penalty. After the game and the 2-1 Argentinian victory came Maradona’s famous quote claiming that the goal was scored “un poco con la cabeza de Maradona y otropoco con la mano de Dios” (a little with the head of Maradona and a little with the hand of God). The famous photograph you see above shows that the goal was actually scored mostly with the hand of Maradona.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management ROSIE RUIZ Rosie Ruiz is probably the most famous marathon cheat of all time. Ruiz “won” the 1980 Boston Marathon in a then record time of 2:31:56, but it was later discovered that she had simply registered for the race and then jumped out of the crowd close to the finish line.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management TIM DONAGHY GAMBLING SCANDAL Tim Donaghy is a former professional basketball referee who worked in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for 13 seasons from 1994 to 2007. On July 20, 2007, a report of an investigation by the FBI into allegations of an NBA referee betting on games to control the point spread emerged by columnist Murray Weiss of the New York Post. It was later revealed that Donaghy, who has a gambling problem, placed tens of thousands of dollars in bets on games during the 2005-06 NBA season and 2006-07 NBA season and had been approached by lower level mob associates to work on a gambling scheme.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management THE 1919 CHICAGO WHITE SOX Major League Baseball was a national institution in the early years of the 20th century -- the All-American game -- and the best team in baseball was the Chicago White Sox. But despite being heavily favored against the Cincinnati Reds, the Sox lost to the Reds in eight games in the then best-of-nine World Series. A grand jury later indicted eight White Sox players, including pitcher Eddie Cicotte and outfielder "Shoeless" Joe Jackson, who admitted that the team had received money from gamblers to fix the series. A court later acquitted the players of conspiracy to defraud the public, but baseball commissioner KenesawMountain Landis banned them for life

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management DOPING

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management SPORT AS A LEARNING PROCESS Fair play is an expression for what sport should teach us – positive social values through sport activity.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management EFFECTS OF EDUCATION THROUGH SPORTS Fair play is an expression for what sport should teach us – positive social values through sport activity.

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management EFFECTS OF EDUCATION THROUGH SPORTS • Development Of Work Habits (+) • Time Management (+) • Focus & Concentration for Work (+) • Coping With Winning, Losing & Glory (+) • Responsibility, Inactivity, Autonomy, Patience (+) • Goals & Activities Together For Family (+) • General Education Problems (-) • High Achievement Orientation (+/-) • Less General Interests (-) • Competitiveness, Aggressiveness, Egoism (+/-)

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management MENTAL HEALTH & DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTHY PERSONALITY • Life Today • A lack of free time • Stressful life • Work & competition • Achievement orientation • Success for any price • No game & fun • A lack of balance • Passive way

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management DO WE WANT THAT?

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management COACH AS A TEACHER, A ROLE MODEL

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management BAD CASE 1: UNNACEPTABLE COACH BEHAVIOR

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management BAD CASE 5 UNNACEPTABLE PLAYER, REFEREE, COACH BEHAVIOR

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management GOOD CASES

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management GOOD CASE: PETRA MAJDIC • Olympic winter games Vancouver 2010 • Cross country skiing Woman Sprint • Clear favorite for golden medal: the best sprinter in Cross Country for the last 3 seasons • Her plan was three medals in OG Vancouver • She fell and got injured 10 minutes before the qualification race: 5 Broken Ribs And Pneumothorax • Won Bronze Medal, 1.7 Sec After Gold Medal • Felt Down After Crossing Finish Line, • But She Managed To Get Her 1.Olympic Medal • Spent 6 Days In Hospital

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management GOOD CASE: PETRA MAJDIC

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management FAIR PLAY IN ELITE SPORT Fair play in elite sport means to strictly respect formal rules and spreading them into the sport behavior, which is based on respect to other competitors and according to own health concerns and other's competitors interests. Is it possible?

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management DIMENSIONS OF FAIR PLAY • Group Of Skills • A Game • A Competition – A Fair Game And Competition • Respecting Rules & Game • A Contract

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management GOOD CASE: FAIR PLAY

Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Ethics in Sport & Sport Management DIRECTIONS IN FUTURE • The Role Of Sport Organisations & Sport Managers • The Role Of Coach – A Moral Teacher In Athlete‘s Career And Personal Life • The Role Of Top Athletes

Prof. Tomaž Čater, Ph.D. Principles of Good Governance in Sport Disclaimer "The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein."

THANK YOU - Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D. Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana

Good Governance Seminar Ethics in Sports & Sport Management Prof. Matej Tušak, Ph.D.