Computer Communication & Networks

1. Computer Communication & Networks Lecture # 01 Introduction Nadeem Majeed Choudhary nadeem.majeed@uettaxila.edu.pk

2. Grading Policy • Final Exam: 40% • Mid term Exam 20% • Assignments 05% • Quizzes: 10% • Labs 25%

3. Quizzes may be announced or unannounced. • Exams are closed-book and extremely time limited. • Exams consist of design questions, numerical, maybe true-false and short answer questions.

4. Reading • Text book: • Data Communications and Networking, • B.A. Forouzan, McGraw-Hill, • (Latest Available Edition) • ISBN 0-07-292354-7. • Reference books: • Computer Networking, a top-down approach featuring the Internet, • J.K.Kurose, K.W.Ross,Addison-Wesley, 2005, ISBN 0-321-26976-4. • Computer Networks, A Systems Approach L. Peterson & Davie • Data and Computer Communication by William Stallings Prentice Hall.

5. Data Communications • The term telecommunication means communication at a distance. The word data refers to information presented in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data. Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

6. Fundamental Characteristics • The effectiveness of a data communication system depend on four fundamental characteristics: • Delivery • Accuracy • Timelines • Jitter

7. Five Components of Data Communication • Message • Sender • Receiver • Medium • Protocol

8. Direction of data flow Simplex Half Duplex Full Duplex

9. Network design Before looking inside a computer network, first agree on what a computer network is

10. Computer network ? • Set of serial lines to attach terminals to mainframe ? • Telephone network carrying voice traffic ? • Cable network to disseminate video signals ? Specialized to handle: Keystrokes Voice Video

11. What distinguishes a Computer network ? • Generality • Built from general purpose programmable hardware • Supports wide range of applications • Not optimized for special purpose application like making phone calls or delivering television signals

12. Information, Computers, Networks • Information: anything that is represented in bits • Form (can be represented as bits) vs • Substance (cannot be represented as bits) • Properties: • Infinitely replicable • Computers can “manipulate” information • Networks create “access” to information

13. Networks • Potential of networking: • move bits everywhere, cheaply, and with desired performance characteristics • Network provides “connectivity”

14. What is “Connectivity” ? • Direct or indirect accessto every other node in the network • Connectivity is the magic needed to communicate if you do not have a direct pt-pt physical link. • Tradeoff: Performance characteristics worse than true physical link!

15. … Building Blocks • Nodes: PC, special-purpose hardware… • hosts • switches • Links: coax cable, optical fiber… • point-to-point • multiple access

16. Why not connect each node with every other node ? • Number of computers that can be connected becomes very limited • Number of wires coming out of each node becomes unmanageable • Amount of physical hardware/devices required becomes very expensive • Solution: indirect connectivity using intermediate data forwarding nodes

17. A Network A network can be defined recursively as two or more nodes connected by a physical link Or two or more networks connected by one or more nodes

18. Switched Networks • two or more nodes connected by a link • white nodes (switches) implement the network • colored nodes (hosts) use the network • A network can be defined recursively as...

19. Switched Networks • two or more networks connected by one or more nodes: internetworks • white nodes (router or gateway) interconnects the networks • a cloud denotes “any type of independent network” • A network can be defined recursively as...

20. Switching Strategies • Packet switching: store-and-forward messages • operates on discrete blocks of data • utilizes resources according to traffic demand • send/receive messages at variable rate • example: Internet • Circuit switching: carry bit streams • establishes a dedicated circuit • links reserved for use by communication channel • send/receive bit stream at constant rate • example: original telephone network

21. What next ? • Hosts are directly or indirectly connected to each other • Can we now provide host-host connectivity ? • Nodes must be able to say which host it wants to communicate with

22. Addressing and Routing • Address: byte-string that identifies a node • usually unique • Routing: forwarding decisions • process of determining how to forward messages to the destination node based on its address • Types of addresses • unicast: node-specific • broadcast: all nodes on the network • multicast: some subset of nodes on the network

23. Wrap-up • A network can be constructed from nesting of networks • An address is required for each node that is reachable on the network • Address is used to route messages toward appropriate destination

24. What next ? • Hosts know how to reach other hosts on the network • How should a node use the network for its communication ? • All pairs of hosts should have the ability to exchange messages: cost-effective resource sharing for efficiency

25. L1 R1 L2 R2 Switch 1 Switch 2 L3 R3 Multiplexing • Physical links and nodes are shared among users • (synchronous) Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) • Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM) Multiple flows on a single link Do you see any problem with TDM / FDM ?

26. What Goes Wrong in the Network? Reliability at stake • Bit-level errors (electrical interference) • Packet-level errors (congestion) • distinction between lost and late packet • Link and node failures • distinction between broken and flaky link • distinction between failed and slow node

27. What Goes Undesirable in the Network? Required performance at stake • Messages are delayed • Messages are delivered out-of-order • Third parties eavesdrop • The challenge is to fill the gap between application expectations and hardware capabilities

28. Networks: key issues • Network criteria • Performance • Throughput • Delay • Reliability • Data transmitted are identical to data received. • Measured by the frequency of failure • The time it takes a link to recover from a failure • Security • Protecting data from unauthorized access

29. Terminology • The throughput or bandwidth of a channel is the number of bits it can transfer per second • The latency or delay of a channel is the time that elapses between sending information and the earliest possible reception of it

30. Network topologies • Topology defines the way hosts are connected to the network

31. Network topology issues a goal of any topology • highthroughput (bandwidth) • low latency

32. Bandwidth and Latency Bandwidth 1.telecommunications: range of radio frequencies: a range of radio frequencies used in radio or telecommunications transmission and reception 2. computing:communications capacity: the capacity of a communications channel, for example, a connection to the Internet, often measured in bits per second 3. a data transmission rate; the maximum amount of information (bits/second) that can be transmitted along a channel Latency A synonym for delay, is an expression of how much time it takes for transmission from one designated point to another

33. Categories of Topology

34. Mostly used network topologies bus mesh ring star

35. A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

36. Hierarchical organization of the Internet

37. LAN, WAN & MAN • Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network) • Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) • Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network)

38. Layering & Protocol Stacks

39. What’s a protocol? human protocols: • “what’s the time?” • “I have a question” • introductions … specific msgs sent … specific actions taken when msgs received, or other events network protocols: • machines rather than humans • all communication activity in Internet governed by protocols

40. TCP connection reply. Get http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/index.htm Got the time? 2:00 <file> time Protocol • protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt a human protocol and a computer network protocol: Hi TCP connection req. Hi

41. Standard • Essential in creating and maintaining an open and competitive market for equipment manufacturers • Guaranteeing national & international interoperability of data & telecommunication technology & process.

42. Layered Tasks An example from the everyday life Hierarchy? Services

43. Why layered communication? • To reduce complexity of communication task by splitting it into several layered small tasks • Functionality of the layers can be changed as long as the service provided to the layer above stays unchanged • makes easier maintenance & updating • Each layer has its own task • Each layer has its own protocol

44. Reference Models • OSI reference model • TCP/IP

45. OSI Reference model • Open System Interconnection • 7 layers • Crate a layer when different abstraction is needed • Each layer performs a well define function • Functions of the layers chosen taking internationally standardized protocols • Number of layers – large enough to avoid complexity

46. Seven layers of the OSI model

47. Exchange using OSI Model

48. Issues, to be resolved by the layers • Larger bandwidth at lower cost • Error correction • Flow control • Addressing • Multiplexing • Naming • Congestion control • Mobility • Routing • Fragmentation • Security • ....

49. Applications • E-mail • Searchable Data (Web Sites) • E-Commerce • News Groups • Internet Telephony (VoIP) • Video Conferencing • Chat Groups • Instant Messengers • Internet Radio

50. Research areas in Networking • Routing • Security • Ad-hoc networks • Wireless networks • Protocols • Quality of Service • …