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Aspects of the research performance of Muslim countries

This research examines the research performance of predominantly Muslim countries in terms of GDP, R&D expenditure, and research output. It highlights variations in population size, economies, and generalizations, while discussing the low level of achievement and possible reasons for it.

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Aspects of the research performance of Muslim countries

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  1. Aspects of the research performance of Muslim countries Mohamed El Amin A. El Tom Garden City College for S &T Khartoum - Sudan

  2. Muslim countries: Introductory remarks • Some 40 predominantly Muslim countries are home to about 20% of total world population • ?: Are their collective shares of world • GDP • Expenditure on R&D • Research output • Proportionate to their population size?

  3. Wide variations • Population size: 232.5m (Indonesia) – 0.4m (Brunei) • Economies: High income (Kuwait) – Low income (Mali) • # tertairy students/100000 inhabts.: 6,734 (Libya) – 106 (Niger) • Generalizations ---- care!

  4. Research output: The record • Table 1: G26 share of ISI world publcns (%), 1995-2009 • --------------------------------------------------------- • ‘95 ‘97 ‘99 ‘01 ‘03 ‘05 ‘07 ’09 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.6 3.3 4.4 ------------------------------------------------------------

  5. Research output: The record • Table 1: No. publcns. In ISI databases and ave. annual growth rate • ---------------------------------------------------------- • Country Publcs/yr/m Ave. ann growth rate 2000-2009 1999-2009 • ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • Albania 18.6 • Algeria 28.1 24.9

  6. Azerbaijan 32.7 • Bahrain 161 7.8 • Bangladesh 4.7 13.8 • Brunei 125.1 20.5 • Comoros 4.6 • Djibouti 5.5 • Egypt 47.2 12.1 • Guinea 14.4 1.8

  7. Indonesia 3 15.9 • Iran 94.3 56.5 • Jordan 168.2 17.4 • Kazakhstan 150 • Kuwait 287.8 10.2 • Libya 15.7 12.6 • Malaysia 86.1 27.1 • Mali 8.6 17.9

  8. Mauritania 6.2 15.4 • Morocco 37.6 12.3 • Niger 6.2 8.8 • Oman 111.2 20.4 • Pakistan 10.6 22.9 • Qatar 179 25.9 • Saudi Arabia 71.3 7 • Sudan 3.8 15

  9. Syria 9.7 14 • Tunisia 147.1 31 • Turkey 227.1 31 • UAE 93.7 19.1 • Yemen 2.9 25.6 • ------------------------------------------------- • G26 countries 25.1 • World 5.9

  10. Huge deficit in research output

  11. Research dominated by 7 countries • Egypt • Iran • Malaysia • Morocco • Saudi Arabia • Tunisia • Turkey

  12. Table 2: Research output: G26 vs G7 • Country 1999 2009 • ----------------------------------------------------- • Egypt 2501 5591 • Iran 1204 16977 • Malaysia 1019 4800 • Morocco 1011 1495 • Saudi Arabia 1679 2670 • Tunisia 574 2983 • Turkey 6250 25687

  13. 1999 2009 • ----------------------------------------------------- • Total G26 18707 73424 • Total G7 14238 60203 • (% G26) (76.1) (82.0) ------------------------------------------------------

  14. Dominance of universities • Country Publcs., 1995-2009 Non-univ (%) • Egypt 47610 16.7 • Iran 68992 7 • Malaysia 24132 6.9 • Morocco 16037 37.7 • Saudi Arabia 26807 28.8 • Tunisia 16930 1.5 • Turkey 179257 10.1

  15. Structure of research, 1995-2009 Total Appl. Sci Basic SS A&H ------------------------------------------------------------- • Egypt 47610 32446 2619 939 262 • Iran 68992 45472 3771 2662 201 • Malaysia 24132 16440 980 1369 147 • Morocco 16037 10286 846 159 110 • S. Arabia 26807 16787 1105 599 67 • Tunisia 16930 10924 738 278 70 • Turkey 179257 114660 5371 9158 627

  16. Why this low level of achievement? • Demographics: No. researchers is low (649/m OIC ave vs 2,532 world ave.; participation by women in sci and eng. Is low • Language: > 80% of the world’s scientific lit. appear first in English. Therefore, scientific work requires a min. level of competence in English, which is lacking in most Muslim countries. • Education: Too much rote learning;

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