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China: Political and Economic Change. Charles Yin Period 2. Imperial China. Dynastic Cycles explained the patterns of Political and Economic changes until the 19 th Century A dynasty would seize power, grow stronger, and decline
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China: Political and Economic Change Charles Yin Period 2
Imperial China • Dynastic Cycles explained the patterns of Political and Economic changes until the 19th Century • A dynasty would seize power, grow stronger, and decline • During its decline, other families would challenge the dynasties and one would emerge victorious • Confucianism • Mandate of Heaven
Qing Dynasty (清朝) [1644–1911] • Founded by the Manchurians, not the Han Chinese • Qing court carried out a series of policies to revive the social economy and alleviate the class contradiction • imperial rulers continued to strengthen the centralized system • court resumed the 'Sheng' administrative system
Fall of the Qing • all kinds of social contradictions increasingly surfaced • Measures to bolster their power • Westernization Movement • Reform Movement of 1898 • Taiping Rebellion • Political Struggles • Opium War • Boxer Rebellion
Trouble at Home • Opium War [1839-1842] Treaty of Nanking concluded at the end of the war in 1842, ceded Hongkong to Great Britain, and opened several ports to British trade • Boxer Rebellion [1900] British, Japanese Russian, Italian German, French, U.S., and Austrian troops defeated the Boxers and demanded further concessions from the Qing government.
Saving the Qing • Taiping Rebellion [1850 - 1864] • Self-Strengthening Movement (洋務運動) [1861- 1895] • Hundred Days' Reform (戊戌變法) [1898]
Revolution of 1911 (辛亥革命) • Grew extremely weak after losing Hong Kong, Taiwan, parts of Manchuria, and Korea • Sun Yat-sen led the amalgam of groups that together formed the Tongmenghui (同盟會). • Overthrew Qing’s rule • transform authoritarian imperial rule into a republican government
Republic Of China [1912] • Sun Yat-sen was declared President • forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate • Yuan's death in 1916 left a power vacuum in China • country was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial military leaders (warlordism)
May Fourth Movement (五四運動)[1919] • Gave German rights over Shandong to Japan • 5,000 students from Peking University hit the streets to demonstrate against the Versailles Treaty • seen as a catalyst for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party • Marxism was seen as a workable revolutionary ideology for a predominantly agrarian society
New Political Community • No more dynasties and imperialists • Two New parties: • Nationalist Party [Kuomintang] (國民黨) • Chiang Kai-Shek • Chinese Communist Party (共產黨) • Mao Ze-Dong
Kuomintang vs. Gongchandang 1920s - alliance between CCP and Kuomindangends as tensions increase. 1926 - Northern Expedition: Chiang Kai-Shek brought most of south and central China under Kuomintang rule 1927 - Chiang turned on the CCP and relentlessly chased the CPC armies and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China 1934 - CCP forces embarked on the Long March and established a guerrilla base in Shaanxi Province.
Kuomintang vs. Gongchandang 1937 - Sino-Japanese War: KMT and the CPC united to fight against the Japanese, which became part of World War II 1945 - CPC grew in force from 40,000 to more than a million 1949 - CPC had established control over most of the country
End of Chinese Civil War [1949] • Communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai-shek • KMT had failed, not because of external enemies but because of weaknesses from within. • Nationalists retreated to Taiwan, along with Chiang and most of the KMT leadership • To this day, no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed
People’s Republic Of China (中華人民共和國) • On October 1st 1949, Mao Zedong (毛澤東) proclaimed the People's Republic of China • total overhaul of the land ownership system, and extensive land reforms • Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out • buildings of historical and cultural significance as well as countless artifacts were destroyed • With Soviet assistance (Com-intern) , the Chinese developed heavy industry.
Five-year Plans of China(中國五年計劃) First Plan (1953 - 1957) Second Plan (1958 - 1961): Great Leap Forward (大躍進) • Transform China into a communist society via rapid industrialization and collectivization • Restrictions on rural people were enforced through public struggle sessions, and social pressure • ended in catastrophe, resulting in 45 million deaths • Seen as a economic regression
Cultural Revolution [1966-1976](文化大革命) • enforce communism in the country by removing capitalist • revisionists" be removed through violent class struggle • Students responded to Mao's appeal by forming Red Guard groups • In 1967, the country was near anarchy • Millions of people were persecuted in the violent factional struggles that ensued across the country
Chinese Economic Reform(改革開放) [1978 -1993] • wanted to make important changes so that China could compete West • The goal was to modernize China so that it could compete in consumer goods and industrial production • Even though Deng wanted to put in place Western policies he was still a communist and made sure that the political system remained communist
Chinese Economic Reform(改革開放) [1978 -1993] • Household-responsibility system (家庭聯產承包責任制) [1981] • peasants were given drastically reduced quotas • What food they grew beyond the quota was sold in the free market at unregulated prices. • Deng Xiaoping Theory (鄧小平理論) [1980s] • don’t worry whether a policy was capitalist or socialist as long as it improved the economy. • Special economic zone (經濟特區) • Shenzhen, Xiamen, Shantou, and Zhuhai
Four Modifications Agriculture: • increase the yields of farmers • move away from traditional farming methods • China became the largest agricultural producer Industry: • capital construction and improving industries • drawn to steel, iron, coal and oil production • Industrial Responsibility System
Four Modifications Science and Technology • lacking even the basic technology that was standard in all other developed countries • increase the number of scientists, development centers used for experiments Military • China had the largest army in the world however it seriously lacked in military technology • Scientific research on improving and develop new weapons
Political Changes • China was going through a time of relative freedom • Democracy Wall in 1978 • Election reforms have led to contested democratic elections at the local level
Tiananmen Square[April 15 1989 – June 4 1989] • students and others spoke out against corruption and in favor of greater political reform • government initially attempted to appease the protesters through concessions • student-led hunger strike galvanized support for the demonstrators around the country. • PLA used live fire to clear their path of protesters and up to several thousand people were killed.
The Three Represents (三個代表) • "Represents advanced social productive forces" = Economic production • "Represents the progressive course of China's advanced culture" = Cultural development • "Represents the fundamental interests of the majority" = Political consensus
Other Reforms • Jiang launched a major crackdown on corruption, organized crime, and smuggling, called "Strike Hard.” • In 1997 and 1998, large-scale privatization occurred. • Between 2001 and 2004, the number of state-owned enterprises decreased by 48 percent • China formally joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.
Golden Shield Project (金盾工程) “打開窗戶，新鮮空气和蒼蠅就會一起進來。” If you open the window for fresh air, you have to expect some flies to blow in. • Hu gave the security services more authority to crack down on perceived threats to the Communist Party’s grip on power. • Mainland dissidents and journalists were detained • Controls were tightened on the Internet and the media. • New limits were imposed on speech and other civil liberties.
Socialist Harmonious Society(和諧社會) • fix the widening social inequality/wealth gap • correct the injustices of Chinese society • combat widespread corruption • Hu-Wen Administration began to reverse some of Deng Xiaoping’s reforms.
Eight Honors and Eight Shames(八榮八恥) • Love the country; do it no harm. • Serve the people; never betray them. • Follow science; discard ignorance. • Be diligent; not indolent. • Be united, help each other; make no gains at others' expense. • Be honest and trustworthy; do not sacrifice ethics for profit. • Be disciplined and law-abiding; not chaotic and lawless. • Live plainly, work hard; do not wallow in luxuries and pleasures.
