Search for the electron electric dipole moment

1. Search for the electron electric dipole moment ·  electron EDM and new physics ·  how to detect an EDM ·  the previous and current generation of e-EDM searches ·  our approach: electron EDM in PbO* D. DeMille Yale Physics Department University Funding: NSF, Packard Found., CRDF, NIST, Sloan, Research Corp.

2. Virtual exotic particles can generate EDMs  = E-field “natural” assumptions gg’/c  sin() ~ 1 mX ~ 100 GeV  typical e-EDM de ~B(/)N(me/mX)2 sin de 100-1 current limit! (1 vs. 2 loops) Dimensionless coupling constant T-violating phase g g’ei e X (new heavy particle)

3. Searching for new physics with the electron EDM

4.  E E B -2dE +2dE S  w -2dE +2dE General method to detect an EDM Energy level picture: Figure of merit:

5. Tl EDM schematic Down beam oven Na reservoir (~350 C) Tl reservoir (~700 C) 378 nm laser beams Beam stop Tl detectors Analyzer/ State Selector Light pipe photodiodes Na detectors 590 nm laser beams Collimating slits RF 2 E-field plates (120 kV/cm) B atomic beams Collimating slits Na detectors 590 nm laser beams State Selector/ Analyzer Tl detectors 378 nm laser beams Beam stop RF 1 Na reservoir (~350 C) Tl reservoir (~700 C) Up beam oven • Thermal beam of • atomic Tl (Z=81) • Efficient laser/rf spin • polarization & detection • count rate ~ 109/s • E=120 kV/cm (P ~10-3) •  Eint = 70MV/cm • L=100 cm  T3 ms • Counterpropagating • vertical beams to cancel • systematic effects from • Bmotional = E v/c • (but: complex procedure • to null residuals) • B-field noise rejection with side-by-side regions New electron EDM limit: B.C. Regan, E. Commins, C. Schmidt, D. DeMille Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 071805 (2002) |de| < 1.610-27 ecm (90% c.l.) State of the art electron EDM search:the Berkeley Tl beam experiment • Na atoms • (low Z, small enhancement) • as “co-magnetometer” • to check systematics • (but: little utility in practice)

6. A new generation of electron EDM searches

7. Amplifying the electric field Ewith a polar molecule Complete electrical polarization attainable with molecules subjects valence electrons to huge internal field Eint~1011 V/cm with modest polarizing field Eext ~ 10-10,000 V/cm Eext Pb+ Eint O– Explicit calculations indicate valence electron feels Eint ~ 2Z3 e/a02 ~ 2.1 - 4.0  1010 V/cm in PbO* semiempirical: M. Kozlov & D.D., PRL 89, 133001 (2002); ab initio: Petrov, Titov, Isaev, Mosyagin, D.D., PRA 72, 022505 (2005).

8. Improved statistics w/new beam source vs. 2002 YbF beam experiment (Hinds/Sauer, Imperial College) taking data now: de(stat.)~310-28 ecm anticipated

9. J=1- J=1+ Brf  z a(1) [3+] E B S S m = -1 m = 0 m = +1 - S  || z + X, J=0+ n n - - - - + + + + - - - - n n + + + + Spin alignment & molecular polarization in PbO (no EDM)

10. E B E E E n n - - + + - - n n + + EDM measurement in PbO* Novel state structure allows extra reversal of EDM signal “Internal co-magnetometer”: most systematics cancel in comparison!

11. Present Experimental Setup (top view) Larmor Precession  ~ 100 kHz B E PMT Vacuum chamber solid quartz light pipes quartz oven structure PbO vapor cell Data Processing Pulsed Laser Beam 5-40 mJ @ 100 Hz  ~ 1 GHz   B Vapor cell technology allows high count rate (but reduced coherence time)

12. Zeeman quantum beats in PbO Excellent fit to Monte Carlo w/PbO motion, known lifetime Shot noise-limited S/N in frequency extraction (Laser-induced spin alignment only here)

13. [D. Kawall et al., PRL 92, 133007 (2004)] Current status: a proof of principle • PbO vapor cell technology in place • Collisional cross-sections as expected anticipated density OK • Signal sizes large, consistent with expectation; • improvements under way should reach target count rate: 1011/s. • Shot-noise limited frequency measurement • using quantum beats in fluorescence • g-factors of -doublet states match precisely • co-magnetometer will be very effective • E-fields of required size applied in cell; no apparent problems  First useful EDM data ~late 2005; de ~ 310-29ecm within ~2 years...?

14. J=2 J=1 State preparation: microwave Raman excitation laser-prepared superposition, as in proof-of-principle (not adequate for EDM) laser + wave preparation, as needed for EDM

15. The PbO EDM group Postdocs: David Kawall Val Prasad Grad students: Frederik Bay Sarah Bickman Yong Jiang Paul Hamilton Undergrads: Cliff Cheung Yulia Gurevich Collaborators: Rich Paolino (USCGA) David Kawall (UMass)