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Conquering Surgical Infections in 2014

Conquering Surgical Infections in 2014. Stephanie S. Davis, MSHA, RN, CNOR Vice President of Surgical Services Julia Moody, MS AM(ASCP) Director of Infection Prevention Hospital Corporation of American (HCA) Nashville, TN. Faculty Disclosure. Stephanie S. Davis, MSHA, RN, CNOR

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Conquering Surgical Infections in 2014

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  1. Conquering Surgical Infections in 2014 Stephanie S. Davis, MSHA, RN, CNOR Vice President of Surgical Services Julia Moody, MS AM(ASCP) Director of Infection Prevention Hospital Corporation of American (HCA) Nashville, TN

  2. Faculty Disclosure Stephanie S. Davis, MSHA, RN, CNOR Julia A. Moody, MS, SM (ASCP) 7. No conflict. AORN’s policy is that the subject matter experts must disclose any financial relationship in a company providing grant funds and/or a company whose product(s) may be discussed or used during the educational activity. Financial disclosure will include the name of the company and/or product and the type of financial relationship, and includes relationships that are in place at the time of the activity or were in place in the 12 months preceding the activity.  Disclosures for this activity are indicated according to the following numeric categories: 1. Consultant/Speaker’s Bureau 2. Employee 3. Stockholder 4. Product Designer 5. Grant/Research Support 6. Other relationship (specify) 7. No conflict of interest

  3. Objectives • Review Publicly Reported surgical site infections (SSIs) Data • Describe common organisms and costs associated with SSI • Examine the evidence of recent studies and their affect on infection rates for certain surgical procedures. • Discuss the future trends and changes to our practice that can decrease surgical infection rates and events. • 2014 Updates to Public Reporting of SSI

  4. Conquering Surgical Infections • Publicly Reported Post Operative Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) • Two different sets of metrics: • Healthcare Associated Conditions (HACs) and • Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) • Common Causes and Costs of SSI infections • Key infection prevention practices • What’s New in Studies to Reduce SSIs? • 2014 updates to Publicly Reported SSIs

  5. Regulatory Rationale to Reduce SSIs • CMS HACs Pay for Performance • Deficit Reduction Act (DRA) of 2005 required there be an adjustment in Medicare DRG payment for certain hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) with Present on Admission (POA) coding • Events are sourced from administrative coding based on provider documentation • CMS / NHSN HAIs Pay for Reporting • 2010 Patient Payment and Affordable Care Act names Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) and HHS target is to reduce SSIs by 25%. • Reporting is via the CDC National Healthcare Safety Network using infection prevention based surveillance definitions and risk adjustments

  6. Regulatory Rationale to Reduce SSIs: 2013 Public Reporting • CMS HACs • Mediastinitis • Bariatric • Orthopedic procedures • Cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) • Readmissions and SSIs • CMS / NHSN HAIs • Colorectal • Abdominal Hysterectomy • State mandated HAIs • Open heart • Hip and knee joints • Other

  7. Proportion of Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs) in the US SSI = Surgical Site Infections CAUTI= Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection HO-HCFA CDI = Hospital onset Healthcare Facility Associated C difficile Infection CLABSI = Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infection VAP = Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ID Week 2013 Abstract 497 NHSN Reported Data

  8. NHSN Primary Causes of SSI Source: Hidron et al., ICHE 2008

  9. Health Care–Associated InfectionsA Meta-analysis of Costs and Financial Impacton the US Health Care System • Annual cost $9.8 billion • SSI contributed the most to overall costs-33.7% of total • MRSA SSIs increase cost and LOS JAMA Intern Med 2013: published online September 2

  10. Conquering Surgical Infections • Public Reporting of Post Operative Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) • Two different sets of metrics: Healthcare Associated Conditions (HACs) and Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) • Key infection prevention strategies • Evidence for practices • What’s New in Studies to Reduce SSIs? • 2014 updates to Publicly Reported SSIs

  11. Preventing SSI: Important Modifiable Risk Factors • Optimize Antimicrobial prophylaxis • Appropriate skin or site preparation • Hair removal • Skin cleansing and preparation Mangram AJ, et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-278.

  12. SSI: Important Modifiable Risk Factors • Optimize Antimicrobial Prophylaxis • Right choice (procedure specific) • Right time (pre-incision dose) • Right dose based on body mass index • Cefazolin increased from 1g to 2g for defined weight decreased SSIs • ASHP 2013 publication with new dosing • Redosing for procedures >3h • Presence of antibiotic resistant organisms like MRSA ASHP 2013 Medical Letter 2012

  13. Timing of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and the Risk of SSIsAnn Surg 2009; 250:10

  14. Perioperative Prophylactic AntibioticsTiming of Administration 14/369 15/441 Infections (%) Hours From Incision Classen.NEJM.1992;328:281.

  15. 2013 Changes in Antimicrobial Prophylaxis • Cardiac and Orthopedic procedures • Screen for Staphylococcus aureus, both MRSA and MSSA, and decolonize • Add Vancomycin to Cefazolinwhen MRSA positive or unknown status at time of surgery • Colon procedures • Ceftriaxone (if institution has increased resistance to first and second generation cephalosporins) plus metronidazole over use of a carbepenem ASHP 2013

  16. 2013 Changes in Antimicrobial Prophylaxis • Cesarean Section • Cefazolin given before surgical incision instead of former recommendation after cord clamped • Does not routinely support topical antimicrobials for irrigations (i.e. CHG) • Parenteral prophylaxis is adequate • Shortening postoperative prophylaxis • 2013 guideline states most cases can be treated with a single dose preoperatively. Duration should be <24h* • There is no data to support continuation of surgical prophylaxis until all drains are removed *Upcoming CDC guidelines will not recommend postop dosing

  17. 2013 Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis • Weight-based dosing: e.g. Cefazolin dosing from 1gm to 2gm routine (2gm to 3gm for >120kg) • Re-dosing for surgeries at 3-4h intraoperative (cefazolin) • Re-dosing for blood loss over 1500 ml • Add Gentamicin to some procedures to cover Gram negative bacteria (for beta-lactam allergy or known colonization with MRSA when vancomycin used) • If antibiotic prophylaxis is continued postoperatively, duration should be <24 hours regardless of the presence of intravascular catheters or indwelling drains ASHP 2013

  18. Prophylactic AntibioticsSize of Patient and Size of DoseSurg 1989; 106:750 • Morbidly obese patients having bariatric operation • Cefazolin levels lower than in non-obese patients at same dose • Cefazolin dose changed from 1 g to 2 g • Infection rate at 1 g: 16.5% • Infection rate at 2 g: 5.6%

  19. Timing of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and the Risk of SSIsAnn Surg 2009; 250:10 Intraop Redosing in Surgeries > 4 h Infection/# Infection Risk redosing 2/112 1.8% no redosing 22/400 5.5%* P=0.06

  20. Surgical Prophylaxis Dosing Table

  21. SSI: Important Modifiable Risk Factors • Skin and site preparation to reduce microbes • Presurgical shower (regular or antimicrobial soap) • Clean towel and clean clothing • Avoid hair removal unless hair will interfere • Do not use razors • Instruct patients to not shave prior to the procedure • Use clippers if removal is necessary, clip immediately prior to the procedure to minimize risk • Disrupting the protective skin surface, allows microbes to gain tissue access

  22. SSI: Important Modifiable Risk Factors • Use an approved labeled skin antiseptic agent • Activity is enhanced with alcohol combination products • Apply and follow manufacturers instructions • Let dry or dwell thoroughly for maximum effectiveness • Water based or Waterless Surgical Hand Scrubs • Apply for the indicated time • Products differ in action and time to achieve activity • Sterile draping to prevent bacterial contamination

  23. Antiseptic Surgical Skin Preparations • Lower SSI rates for iodine containing products • Comparison of 3 products (povidine iodine, iodine plus alcohol, CHG plus alcohol) in sequential implementation adult general clean and clean contaminated surgery (Swenson ICHE 2009) • Significantly lower SSI rates for CHG-alcohol compared with iodine paint and scrub for superficial and deep SSI, but not organ/space SSI. • Multicenter study of adults undergoing clean-contaminated surgery (Darouiche NEJM 2010; 362:18) • Which is the better prep? CHG+alcohol or Iodine+alcohol? • No recommendation due to absence of direct comparison studies

  24. Preventing SSI: Important Modifiable Risk Factors • Glucose control • Blood transfusion • Adequate intraoperative oxygen levels • Operative time and efficiencies Mangram AJ, et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20(4):250-278.

  25. SSI and Glucose ControlGeneral and Vascular Procedures Results ↑SSI Risk(multivariateanalysis) Post-op glucose ASA class Length of operation SSI rate increased 30% for every 40 mg/dL glucose > 110 Ann Surg 2008; 248:203

  26. General Surgical Operative Duration is Associated with Increased Risk-Adjusted Infectious Complication Rates and Length of StayJ Am CollSurg2010;210:60-65 • Study Design: Nearly 300,000 operations performed at 173 hospitals from 2005 to 2007, found the 30-day rate of infectious complications rose by almost 2.5% for every 30 minutes between incision and closing. • Findings: After adjusting for patient variables, type and complexity of surgery, wound class, and need for transfusion, operative time remained a significant predictor of postoperative infection. • Conclusions: • Surgeries lasting 2.1 to 2.5 hours had nearly double the risk of infectious complications compared to those patients whose procedure no more than an hour. • Across all procedures, hospital stays increased geometrically along with operative times, at a rate of about 6% for every 30 minutes.

  27. Mean Number of Complications in Intervention Hospitals and Control Hospitals before and after Implementation of the Surgical Safety Checklist de Vries EN et al. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1928-1937 SSI 3.8%→2.7% P 0.006

  28. HCA Template for a Surgical Safety Checklist

  29. 2011 Updated Recommendations for Control of Surgical Site Infections • Reduce environmental contamination in OR • Preoperative antiseptic showering and cleansing • Clipping to remove hair • Prep skin with an alcoholic CHG or alcohol iodophor • Double gloving and incise drape use • Minimize tissue damage and dead spaces • Drains and placement Alexander 2011 Annals of Surgery

  30. 2011 Updated Recommendations for Control of Surgical Site Infections • Optimize prophylactic antibiotics • Selection, Timing, Weight Based dose and Redosing • Normothermia 36oC or higher • Oxygenation • Glucose Control <180 mg/dL • Smoking cessation • Limit blood transfusions and fluids Alexander 2011 Annals of Surgery

  31. Conquering Surgical Infections • Public Reporting of Post Operative Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) • Two different sets of metrics: Healthcare Associated Conditions (HACs) and Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) • Historical Background • Key infection prevention strategies • What’s New in Studies to Reduce SSIs? • 2014 updates to Public Reporting of SSIs

  32. BMJ 2013: Effectiveness of a bundled interventionofdecolonization and prophylaxis to decrease Gram positive surgical site infections after cardiac or orthopedic surgery • What’s already known on this topic: • Surgical site infections (SSIs) are potentially preventable adverse events of cardiac and orthopedic operations • SSIs significantly increase hospital length of stay, readmission rates, healthcare costs, and mortality rates • Clinicians and researchers have debated whether nasal decolonization or glycopeptide antibiotic prophylaxis reduce SSIs caused by Gram positive bacteria • Study type: Systemic review and meta-analysis BMJ 2013;346:f2743 doi: 10.1136/bmj.f2743

  33. BMJ2013: Effectiveness of a bundled intervention of decolonization and prophylaxis to decrease Gram positive surgical site infections after cardiac or orthopedic surgery • What this study adds among patients undergoing cardiac or orthopedic surgery: • Nasal decolonization with mupirocin ointment was protective against Gram positive SSIs • Preoperative prophylaxis with anti-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) antibiotics when given to all patients was not protective against Gram positive SSIs • A bundle that included nasal decolonization and anti-MRSA prophylaxis for MRSA carriers was significantly protective against Gram positive SSIs BMJ 2013;346:f2743 doi: 10.1136/bmj.f2743

  34. HCA’s MRSA Solution: The A,B,Cs… • Active Surveillance of high risk patients • BarrierPrecautions • Compulsive Hand Hygiene • Disinfection / Environmental Cleaning • Executive Championship

  35. HCA MRSA ABCs • Program initiated in 2008 across system • Presurgicalnares screening of MRSA in open heart, open spine, hip joint and knee joint replacements • Decolonization by surgeon preference • Initiate contact precautions for MRSA positive patients by screening or history • Promoted vancomycin for perioperative prophylaxis • Reduced SSIs due to MRSA by 15% [SHEA 2010 Abstract,, 2013 J Healthcare Quality]

  36. Study Design 2012-2013 • Quasi Experimental in Adult patients (18 y/o and older) • Based on 2013 BMJ review and meta analysis • 20 HCA hospitals • Cardiac operations • Primarily CABG and valve replacements performed by sternotomy approach • Orthopedic operations • Hip (total and partial) arthroplasty • Knee (total and partial) arthroplasty • Algorithm: Screening for MRSA and MSSA, CHG plus mupirocin decolonization and surgical prophylaxis http://www.ahrq.gov/research/action10.htm

  37. STOP SSI Study Outcomes • Implementation of the algorithm will be associated with: • Lower rates of SSIs (MRSA, MSSA, & other Gram-positives) • Shorter lengths of stay • Lower readmission rates • Improved patient outcomes • Study period June 2012 to March 2014

  38. Surgical CUSP to Reduce SSIs Wick Am Coll Surg 2012 • Study Design: Pilot CUSP (Comprehensive Unit-based Safety Program) in Colorectal Surgical Patients • Interventions and Checklist: • Preoperative CHG showers • Selective elimination of mechanical bowel prep • Standardized skin prep to CHG • Optimal antibiotic prophylaxis • Preanesthesia warming • Enhanced sterile techniques for skin and fascial closure • Outcomes: • Decreased SSIs 33%, p value < 0.05 • Implementing safety science improves patient outcomes

  39. 2012 Surgical Site Infections ProjectJoint Commission Center for Transforming HealthCare • Background: 7 leading hospital and health systems collaborated with the American College of Surgeons to reduce colorectal SSIs • Design: Identification of 34 unique correlating variables for risk of colorectal SSIs: patient characteristics, surgical procedure, antibiotic administration, preoperative/intraoperative/postoperative processes and measurement • Outcomes: • Reduced superficial incisional SSIs by 45% and all types of colorectal SSIs by 32 percent. • Estimated cost savings of more than $3.7M for 135 estimated SSI cases avoided. • Decreased Average Length of Stay for hospital patients with any type of colorectal SSI from 15 to 13 days

  40. 2012 Surgical Site Infections ProjectJoint Commission Center for Transforming HealthCare Contributing Factors for Targeted Solutions • Preop testing and health screening to identify risk factors • Management of medical conditions that increase the risk of SSIs • Preop skin cleansing and disinfection • Protocol/orderset variation • Weight based dosing and redosing • Normothermia • Closure processes • Intra and post-operative wound management

  41. New Evidence to Reduce SSIs2013 Publications • High perioperative Oxygen supplementation has benefit in open abdominal procedures especially colorectal surgeries. Munoz-Price et al 2013 CID • Blood transfusion was associated with a risk of major infection post cardiac surgery. Recommendations include limiting RBC use. Horvath et al 2013 J ThoracSurg • Choice of IV antibiotic prophylaxis for colorectal surgery does matter. Deierhoi et al 2013 J Am CollSurg

  42. New Evidence to Reduce SSIs2013 Publications • Decolonization to reduce SSIs due to S. aureus • Mupirocin and CHG bathing reduced SSIs in orthopedic, vascular, cardiac or neurosurgical proeduresThompson and Houston AJIC 2013 • S. aureusscreening and decolonization in Orthopedic surgery is cost effective to reduce Chenet al SSIs 2013 ClinOrthopRelatRes • Pre-admission CHG bathing reduces SSIs in total hip arthroplastyKapadia et al 2013 J Arthroplasty

  43. CDC 2014 SSI Update • Glycemic Control • Further research is needed to understand the association between hemoglobin A1C levels and the risk of SSI in diabetic and non‐diabetic patients. (No recommendation / unresolved issue). • In diabetic and non‐diabetic surgical patients perioperative glycemic control using blood glucose target levels <180mg/dL (standard practice) is recommended. (Category IB) • Further research to define optimal blood glucose target levels in diabetic, non‐diabetic, and critically‐ill surgical patients should evaluate the benefits and harms associated with glycemic control in different surgical populations, and postoperative settings which may impact choice of optimal target levels, delivery methods, timing of instituting, and duration of the protocol. (No recommendation / unresolved issue)

  44. CDC 2014 SSI Update • Normothermia • Maintenance of perioperative normothermia is recommended. (Category 1A) • Oxygenation • In patients undergoing general anesthesia with mechanical ventilation, increased fraction of inspired oxygen (intraoperatively and post‐extubation in the immediate postoperative period) is recommended and should be administered in combination with strategies to optimize tissue oxygen delivery through maintenance of perioperative normothermia and adequate volume replacement. (Category 1A) • Further research addressing the optimal fraction of inspired oxygen, timing, duration, and delivery method in SSI prevention should also evaluate potential benefits and harms. (No recommendation/ unresolved issue)

  45. CDC 2014 SSI Update • Exhaust Suit • Further research addressing the use of orthopaedic exhaust suits in arthroplasty procedures should evaluate their impact on surgical site infections, potential benefits and harms, the surgical personnel that should wear them, and the impact on their safety. (No recommendation/unresolved issue)

  46. Conquering Surgical Infections • Publicly Reported Post Operative Surgical Site Infections (SSIs) • Two different sets of metrics: • Healthcare Associated Conditions (HACs) and • Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) • Common Causes and Costs of SSI infections • Key infection prevention practices • What’s New in Studies to Reduce SSIs? • 2014 updates to Publicly Reported SSIs

  47. 2014 NHSN Surgical Procedure Reporting Required Data Elements • Patient ID • Gender • Date of Birth • Procedure Code • Procedure Date • Outpatient Y/N • Cut time/close time to calculate duration in Hours and Minutes • Wound Class (*NEW no unknowns accepted) • ASA score • Scope Y/N • Emergent Y/N • *NEW Closure Primary or Other • General Anesthesia Y/N • Trauma Y/N

  48. 2014 NHSN Surgical Procedure Reporting Required Data Elements • *NEW required Spinal Level Approach • *NEW height feet and inches • *NEW weight • *NEW diabetes • *NEW Type of HPRO or KPRO • *NEW Specific type of Total joint replacement • *NEW Specific type of Hemi joint replacement • *NEW Type of Resurfacing joint replacement (HPRO)

  49. Surveillance Changes SSI • Primary incisional closure: definition changed to include all incisions with some closure to the level of the skin, regardless of extruding wicks, wires, etc. • Implant variable: no longer used to determine length of follow-up and removed from data collection requirements

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