Mini Quiz

2. Mini Quiz • 1. Behaviorists believe that all of the important causes of behavior can be found in an individual's a. unconscious mind. b. conscious mind. c. personality traits. d. environment.

3. Mini Quiz • 2. Behaviorism has its philosophical roots in a. associationism. b. empiricism. c. hedonism. d. all of the above

4. Mini Quiz • 3. It has been suggested that chronic anxiety is the result of a. pairing a primary reinforcer with a punisher. b. the law of effect. c. repeated exposure to stimuli that are unpredictable and random. d. second-order conditioning and stimulus generalization.

5. Mini Quiz • 4. When the presentation of a balloon is frequently preceded by the a loud sound, this will likely make one • a. salivate. • b. flinch at the sight of a balloon. • c. show no response to a balloon. • d. start to enjoy loud noises.

6. Mini Quiz • 5. Test 2 was ____ than test 1. • a. easier. • b. harder. • c. about the same.

8. Operant Conditioning • Edward Thorndike

10. Gradually it escapes quicker A specific response become “strengthened” by being paired with a pleasant outcome

11. Law of Effect • "Of several responses made to the same situation those which are accompanied or closely followed by satisfaction to the animal will, other things being equal, be more firmly connected with the situation, so that, when it recurs, they will be more likely to recur; those which are accompanied or closely followed by discomfort to the animal will, other things being equal, have their connections to the situation weakened, so that, when it recurs, they will be less likely to occur. • Note: It is missing information about the internal state of the animal • Thorndike used hungry cats and rats!

12. Clark Hull

13. Needs • Behavior is not just a function of the environment but also. . . • Properties of the organism

14. All animals have certain needs (food) Creates drives (drive for food) Reducing drive (by eating) reinforces the behavior (eating)

15. Learning • Both Hull and Thorndike felt their learning was the same as Pavlov’s classical conditioning

16. Hot and Cold Game

17. Skinner

18. B. F. Skinner Noted differences between the types of learning. How is classical conditioning different then either Thorndike’s or Hull’s theories?

19. Operant Conditioning • Classical = animal does nothing to its environment. • Operant = The animal alters its environment.

20. Reinforcement Theory • Operant Conditioning • Used to control behavior • Behavior • Reward • Behaviors that are rewarded are more likely to be performed in the future

21. Reinforcement Theory • Operant Conditioning

22. Reinforcement Theory • Operant Conditioning

23. Skinner Box

24. Skinner Box

25. Skinner Box

26. Skinner Box • Sniffy Program

27. Operant Conditioning • Superstitious behavior • Baseball players • Shaping behavior • Getting him to open the car door • Skinner legend

28. Group Activity • Identify one behavior in yourself that you would like to change • Determine a system of rewards and punishments that you could use to change this behavior • Do you think this would work?

29. Did Skinner really raise his daughter in a Skinner Box? Picture from Ladies' Home Journal: "Baby in a Box.”

30. Question • Why are you going to college? • What are you dating someone? • Why are you listening to this lecture? • You do all of these things because of a long history of rewards and punishments!

31. Classical vs. Operant Conditioning • Classical • “Reactions” to the world • Emotions • Traits: anxiousness, neuroticism, depression • Operant • “Actions” toward the world • Behaviors • Traits: Extraversion, argumentativeness, kindness

32. Behaviorism • Pros • Controlling behavior • Focus on the observable • Cons • Mental life • Motivation • Thought • Cognition