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Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times

Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times. Policing in Ancient Times. A formal and sophisticated criminal justice system did not exist in ancient times. Policing in Ancient Times. Kin Police.

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Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times

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  1. Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times

  2. Policing in Ancient Times A formal and sophisticated criminal justice system did not exist in ancient times.

  3. Policing in Ancient Times Kin Police An early policing system in which family, tribe, or clan members assumed responsibility for dispensing justice.

  4. Policing in Ancient Times Written laws became necessary when tribes and clans formed larger groups and nations.

  5. The Sumerians and the Code of Hammurabi In approximately 2400 B.C., Sumerians started to develop laws and legal regulations.

  6. The Sumerians and the Code of Hammurabi In 2050 B.C., Sumerians established a written legal code under the ruler Ur-Nammu.

  7. The Sumerians and the Code of Hammurabi Local officials, or ensis, were responsible for administering the law.

  8. Early Uses of Restitution The Sumerians used fines as a punishment. This is an early example of restitution.

  9. The Code of Hammurabi Code of Hammurabi A Collection of laws and edicts that provided guidance for a variety of issues, from civil matters to criminal acts; based on the concept of lex talionis.

  10. The Code of Hammurabi Lex Talionis An ancient philosophy of justice, which means equal retaliation or “an eye for an eye.”

  11. The Code of Hammurabi The code provided legal protection to all classes of citizens.

  12. The Code of Hammurabi The code stated that messengers were responsible for enforcing the law. These officials were an early form of police.

  13. Policing in Ancient Egypt Policing in Egypt can be traced to around 2900 B.C. Officials called Judges Commandment of the Police were responsible for the security of Egypt and its provinces.

  14. Policing in Ancient Egypt Egyptian police had broad powers that included judicial authority.

  15. The Police Draft Nubians from the southern part of the empire were drafted into duty. This may indicate that people had no desire to be police officers.

  16. Role of the Vizier Vizier A high-ranking ancient Egyptian official who was the only person other than the pharaoh who could act on all civil matters.

  17. Role of the Vizier The vizier’s responsibilities included: • Overseeing the highest court of justice. • Collecting taxes across the kingdom. • Supervision Egypt’s wars. • Acting as chief of police for the kingdom.

  18. Role of the Vizier The vizier represented divine authority, perception, and justice. He was expected to be fair and equitable in his dealings with people.

  19. New Police Units To stop smuggling, King Amenhotep established customhouses and a marine patrol. This was one of the earliest forms of customs police.

  20. New Police Units Around 1340 B.C., Egypt created the River Security Unit to patrol the Nile.

  21. New Police Units To prevent grave robbing, police units were assigned to 24-hour security duty at the tombs. Police used dogs to help guard property.

  22. Trials by Battle In a trial by battle, a combatant could hire another person to stand in his place in battle. This stand-in individual came to be known as a champion. Today, to champion someone else’s cause means to support it wholeheartedly.

  23. The Influence of Ancient Greece Grecian principles of law and justice still influence justice systems throughout the Western world.

  24. Early Greek Justice The Greeks’ earliest system for administering justice was rooted in the philosophy of lex talionis.

  25. Early Greek Justice Eventually, the king replaced the family as an arbitrator between the victim and the accused. A victim could file a complaint against the accused, then the king would hear the case.

  26. Early Greek Justice Policing was based on the organizing principled of the city-state, or polis. Each polis was an independent political unit with its own personality, laws, and customs.

  27. Evolving Written Laws One of the first sets of written laws was developed by the Athenian ruler Draco in 621 B.C. This set of laws is known as the Draconian Code.

  28. Evolving Written Laws Draconian Code A very harsh ancient Greek code that made many crimes, even property crimes, into capital offenses; also allowed debtors to be sold into slavery.

  29. Evolving Written Laws Solon became the chief magistrate of Athens in 594 B.C. Solon’s reforms to Athenian law were considered very lenient for his era.

  30. Evolving Written Laws Pisistratus, in an early example of publicly authorized police power, staged an attack on himself to convince the people of Athens to create a personal security force.

  31. Evolving Written Laws Cleisthenes, an Athenian statesman, proposed a constitution that would give all citizens a chance to serve in government. His reforms were implemented in 507 B.C.

  32. The Eleven During the rule of Pericles in 450-429 B.C., Athens maintained a police force that was supervised by a group of criminal commissioners known as The Eleven.

  33. Innovations of Ancient Rome The important contributions to policing made during the Roman Empire were: • The Law of the Twelve Tablets • New police units created by Caesar Augustus • The creation of the praetor

  34. Law of the Twelve Tablets Law of the Twelve Tablets The first set of written law in ancient Rome; grouped civil and criminal law, legal procedures, and some social regulations.

  35. Law of the Twelve Tablets The simplicity of the Law of the Twelve Tablets armed the lower classes to protect themselves against tyranny.

  36. Policing under Emperor Augustus The three types of police organizations that developed under the reign of Augustus were: • Praetorian guard • Urban cohort • Vigiles

  37. Policing under Emperor Augustus Praetorian Guard A Roman police force that existed mainly to protect the life of the emperor and his property, specifically his palace.

  38. Policing under Emperor Augustus Urban Cohort A Roman police force that dealt with problems of street crimes and mob violence by patrolling the streets and maintaining public order.

  39. Policing under Emperor Augustus Vigiles A special Roman corps of 7,000 men who served as both firemen and night police.

  40. The Praetor As the Roman Empire grew, it needed a body of law that was applicable to Roman citizens and subjects in foreign colonies.

  41. The Praetor The praetor had jurisdiction in criminal matters and also possessed police powers.

  42. The Praetor Praetor A Roman judge who changed the law and created new laws as necessary.

  43. The Praetor The praetor assigned a subordinate called a quaesitor to investigate and prosecute cases that came from the lower classes.

  44. The Praetor Magistrates policed the city, supervised the state prison, and executed criminals. The power of the magistrates was similar to The Eleven.

  45. The Praetor In 585 A.D., the emperor Justinian ordered the old code to be revised. Justinian’s Code had a large influence on the legal systems in Europe and the Americas.

  46. ? 2.2 • Explain the concept of lex talionis. • What are four great contributions of ancient cultures to the development of policing?

  47. End of Section 2.2 Policing in Ancient Times

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