The Consolidation of Latin America

1. The Consolidation of Latin America Stearns 25

2. ¿QuienEs Su Padré? • 18th Century Western Enlightenment • Faith in progress • Reform • Representational/constitutional government • BUT a different colonial experience, so…

3. Colonial Baggage • Centralized colonial governments • No tradition of participation • Political, economic, and social dependency • Extreme class divisions • Based on birth • Race • Location • Very little opportunity for mobility

4. Sociedad de lasCastas Four major categories • Peninsulares • Creoles • Mestizos • Indian and African But it’s not that simple…

5. Wait, What?

6. ODM! (Oh, Dios Mio)

7. ¡Viva la Revolucíon! • Four key external events • American Revolution • French Revolution • Haitian Revolution • French conquest of Spain • Internal Problems • Creole grievances • Glass ceiling • Resent new taxes, trade restrictions, and reforms • Liberal but not radical

8. Multiple Rebellions • Mexico, 1821 • United Provinces of Central America, 1823-1839 • Spanish South America • Gran Columbia, 1819-1830 • Peru • Rio de la Plata • Attempts at monarchy fail; all become republics • Cuba and Puerto Rico remain loyal

9. Mexico • Father Miguel de Hidalgo allies with mestizos • Creoles distrust mestizos; fear social revolution • Augustíne Iturbide, military leader, emperor 1821 • 1824 Republic

10. United Provinces of Central America • Originally part of Mexico • Brief union; split into parts 1838

11. Gran Columbia • Simon Bolivar • Breaks up into Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador

12. Rio de la Plata • José de San Martín • Resent trade restrictions • Buenos Aires (Argentina) • Paraguay, Uruguay, Upper Peru (Bolivia)

13. Peru • Older and more conservative • Royalists defeated in 1824

14. Brazil • Conservative: • “Men established in goods and property were unwilling to risk political change. • Hosted Portuguese royal family during Napoleonic wars • Equal status to Portugal until Napoleon defeated • Dom Pedro I becomes constitutional emperor, 1822 • King’s son • Existing social order and slavery preserved • Contrast with Spanish republics

15. Old and New Problems • Power of Roman Catholic Church • Slavery • Treatment of Indians and mestizos • Limited franchise • Social status of women • Regional fragmentation (18 new countries)

16. Politics • Local strongmen, caudillos • Conservatives (centralists) v. Liberals (federalists) • Longstanding instability • Ruling class distrust of the peasantry

17. Economies • Free trade supported by Britain and the United States • Source of raw materials • Market for manufactured goods • Monroe Doctrine • Wealth and prestige tied to land ownership • Consequences of political instability • Lack of investment capital • Disruption to mining industry • Underdeveloped infratructure • Economic growth in late 19th century • Britain, Germany, United States lead demand for raw materials • But export economy places much industry under foreign control

18. Focus on Mexico • Federalist constitution, 1824 • Liberal reform issues: Issue of land distribution , poverty, lack of education • Conservative reaction: Antonio López de Santa Anna • Undoes liberal reforms of 1830s • Loses Texas and U.S. Mexican War • Benito Juárez • Indian lawyer • New constitution, 1857 • Limits Church power • Land reforms hijacked by speculators • Liberal reforms lead to conservative reaction (ebb and flow)—French intervention • Defeats Maximilian von Habsburg • Becomes autocratic leader—Mexico’s pattern for most of 20th Century • PorfirioDíaz, 1876 • Strong central government that suppressed opposition • Corrupt elections alienates middle class Civil war, 1910-1920

19. Focus on Argentina • Two economies • Commerce in Buenos Aires • Ranching and agriculture in the Pampas • Conflict between strong central government and local autonomy; regionalism • Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia separate • Juan Manuel de Rosas • Populist authoritarian • Overthrown by liberals and regional caudillos, 1852 • Ultimate political stability and reforms between 1862 and 1890 • Leads to foreign investment • Population triples; immigration from Europe • Sound infrastructure • Unlike Mexico, ruling oligarchy allies with middle class • Like Mexico, suppress labor and rural unrest.

20. Social and Cultural Issues • Dilemma: European or American? • Elite more European • Common folk not so much • 1830s: Romanticism appeals to Indians and local customs • 1870s: Positivism influences art, literature, social outlook • Patriarchal patterns for women • Change and new opportunities emerge slowly • Slaves and Indians see little progress • White, Creole elite still in charge

21. Brazilian Empire • Similar pattern of central power v. regional strength • Stability after 1850 leads to increased prosperity • Urban, middle-class groups emerge • Slavery less important • Slavery abolished, 1888. • Influence of positivism • Monarchy replaced with Republic, 1889 • Like Spanish Latin America, many social and political issues unresolved

22. American Intervention • Spanish-American War, 1898 • Push Spanish out of last strongholds • Panama Canal • Bully Columbia • Banana Republics

23. Summation • Social, political, and economic issues remain despite political independence • Dependent economies and underdevelopment • Limited attempts to emulate the West • Spanish bully replaced with Uncle Sam