Mon Week #6 Q.3 (2/10)

1. Today in Bio.… Mon Week #6 Q.3 (2/10) Homework: Test Wed/Thurs Bio. Learning Goal: I understand the scientific principles and processes involved in biological evolution. • Activities/Assignments: • Finish General notes – Evolution • Handouts : • Comparing limb structure and function • Evolution part #1 • Graphing practice • Vocabulary Review Fact:Music was sent down a telephone line for the first time in 1876, the year the phone was invented See: Science fast facts Warm Up: Name 2 of 3 factors that support evolution.

2. Fossil Records • Fossils are the preserved remains, tracks, or traces of once-living organisms • They form when organisms become buried in sediment and calcium in hard surfaces mineralizes • Arranging fossils according to age often provides evidence of successive evolutionary change • Robert Hooke in 1668- 1st to propose that fossils are the remains of plants & animals. • Provides the most direct evidence for macroevolution

3. Anatomical Record Relict developmental forms Page 13 • Similar structural forms can be seen in various living organisms • Ex:Homologous structures, Analogous structures and Vestigial structures • All vertebrates share a basic set of developmental instructions

4. The same basic bones are present in each forelimb Fig. 13.8 Homology among vertebrate limbs • Homologous structures: Have different structure and function but are all derived from the same part of a common ancestor. • As vertebrates have evolved, the same bones are sometimes put to different uses, yet they can still be seen, their presence betraying their evolutionary past.

5. TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS • Structural • Behavioral • Physiological Let’s look at each type as we consider 2 species: the tundra & icecap-dwelling arctic fox & the desert dwelling fennec fox.

6. Other Structural Adaptations: Duck---webbed feet Fish---gills Giraffe---long neck Beaver---large, pointed teeth Whale---blubber Cactus---shallow roots Snake---flexible jaw arctic fox (Alopexlagopus) fennec fox (Vulpeszerda) Structural Adaptation: The form that the organism takes. EX: Big ears and small ears of foxes. Heat escapes easily from the blood that passes through the vessels in the fennec fox’s ears. Cool blood from the ears then circulates through the body & keeps the fennec fox from overheating.

7. Behavioral Adaptation: These are innate (inherited) actions that individuals of the species perform. • Arctic fox: • Can be active any time of the day; ready to find food whenever available. • Fennec fox: • Is nocturnal; sleeps during the day & hunts at night Other Behavioral Adaptations: Birds---migrate/fly south in the winter Bears---hibernate in the winter Possums---play "dead" to avoid predators Desert animals---(1) nocturnal/inactive during the daytime and (2) below-ground dwellings to avoid harsh rays

8. Physiological Adaptation: Related to the biochemical processes at work within an organism’s body. Compare the processing of food & water: • Arctic fox: food is scarce in winter; effective at storing food energy as fat. • Fennec fox: little free water available; adapted to get all moisture it needs from fruit, roots, & leaves. Other examples of physiological adaptation are tanning of skin when exposed to sun over long periods, the formation of callouses on hands in response to repeated contact or pressure Plants in hot dry climates have grey or light colored foliage reflects light, reducing heat and thus water loss from transpiration, needles or small leaves, silver hairs coating leaves reflect light and help to lower temperatures

9. Adaptations Work Together • Adaptations work together to produce a species fit for surviving in a specific environment. • The big ears(structural) cools fox & gives acute hearing which helps when fox hunts & night (behavioral) & the fox has special retina; tapetum (physiological) that gives the fox night vision.

10. structural structural physiological behavioral behavioral physiological Some Examples of Adaptations • Kangaroo’s tail….. • Kangaroo’s ability to jump • When temp. are hot a kangaroo will go under a tree and dig down for cooler ground… • Camels travel in herds… • Camels have humps on their backs… • The color of the peacock’s feathers…

11. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Coevolution: Change of two or more species in close association with each other. EXAMPLE: Bumblebees and the flowers they pollinate have co-evolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival.

12. Convergent Evolution:organisms that are very similar but are not closely related. This happens because of a change within the environment. Analogous structures are the result of convergent evolution.

13. DIVERGENT EVOLUTION:Two or more related species that become more dissimilar due to different environments. • This usually produces another species EXAMPLE: GALAPAGOS FINCHES

14. Today in Bio.… Tue Week #6 Q.3 (2/11) Homework: Study-Test Wed/Thurs Bio. Learning Goal: I understand the scientific principles and processes involved in biological evolution. • Activities/Assignments: • Handouts : • Comparing limb structure and function • Evolution part #1 • Graphing practice • Vocabulary Review • Practice Test - book Fact: Snakes are true carnivorous because they eat nothing but other animals. They do not eat any type of plant material. Warm Up: What is the difference between divergent and convergent evolution?

15. Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution

16. Today in Bio.… Wed/Thurs Week #6 Q.3 (2/12-13) Homework: none Bio. Learning Goal: I understand the scientific principles and processes involved in biological evolution. • Activities/Assignments: • Handouts : • Vocabulary Review • Practice Test – book • Evolution Unit Test Fact:If you could throw a snowball fast enough, it would totally vaporize when it hit a brick wall . Warm Up: What is a vestigial organ?