Table of Contents

1. Chapter 20 Community Ecology Table of Contents Section 1 Species Interactions Section 2 Patterns in Communities

2. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Objectives • Identifytwo types of predator adaptations and two types of prey adaptations. • Identifypossible causes and results of interspecific competition. • Compareparasitism, mutualism, and commensalism, and give one example of each.

3. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation • Predationis an interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and eats all or part of another individual organism (the prey).

4. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Predator Adaptations • Predators have adaptations to efficiently capture prey, whereas prey species have adaptations to avoid capture. • A trait that makes an individual successful in its environment • A variation that improves an individuals chance to survive and reproduce • Nature changes species by selecting genentic traits!

5. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Adaptations in Animal Prey • Mimicry is an adaptation in which a species gains an advantage by resembling another species or object. Viceroy’s mimic monarchs Monarchs are distasteful

6. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Predation, continued • Adaptations in Plant Prey • Many plants produce secondary compounds as a chemical defense.

7. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Competition • Competitive Exclusion • Competitionmay cause competitive exclusion, the elimination of one species in a community.

8. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Effect of Competition on Two Species of Barnacles

9. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Warbler Foraging Zones

10. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis • Parasitism • In parasitism, one species (the parasite) feeds on, but does not always kill, another species (the host).

11. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis, continued • Mutualism • In mutualism, both interacting species benefit.

12. Section 1 Species Interactions Chapter 20 Symbiosis, continued • Commensalism • In commensalism, one species benefits, and the other is not affected.

13. Section 2 Patterns in Communities Chapter 20 Successional Changes in Communities • Ecological succession is a change in the species composition of a community over time.

14. Section 2 Patterns in Communities Chapter 20 Successional Changes in Communities, continued • Primary Succession • Primary succession is the assembly of a community on newly created habitat. • Primary succession occurs in areas that have been recently exposed to the elements and lack soil.

15. Section 2 Patterns in Communities Chapter 20 Successional Changes in Communities, continued • Secondary Succession • Secondary succession is the change in an existing community following a disturbance. • Secondary succession occurs in areas where the original ecosystem has been cleared by a disturbance.

16. Section 2 Patterns in Communities Chapter 20 The Complexity of Succession • The traditional description of succession is that the community proceeds through a predictable series of stages until it reaches a stable end point, called theclimax community. • Primary succession typically proceeds from lichens and mosses to a climax community. • Secondary succession typically proceeds from weeds to a climax community.

17. Section 2 Patterns in Communities Chapter 20 Ecological Succession at Glacier Bay

18. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice 1. A certain tropical tree has a fruit that is eaten by only one species of bats. As the bat digests the fruit, the seeds are made ready to sprout. When the bat excretes the wastes of the fruit, it drops seeds in new locations. Which of the following is the correct term for the relationship between the bat and the tree? A. predation B. mutualism C. competition D. commensalism

19. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 1. A certain tropical tree has a fruit that is eaten by only one species of bats. As the bat digests the fruit, the seeds are made ready to sprout. When the bat excretes the wastes of the fruit, it drops seeds in new locations. Which of the following is the correct term for the relationship between the bat and the tree? A. predation B. mutualism C. competition D. commensalism

20. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following is a parasite? F. a lion hunting a zebra G. a deer grazing on grass H. a tick sucking blood from a dog J. a snake swallowing a bird’s egg

21. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 2. Which of the following is a parasite? F. a lion hunting a zebra G. a deer grazing on grass H. a tick sucking blood from a dog J. a snake swallowing a bird’s egg

22. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Three species of birds forage for insects in the same tree. However, each species tends to forage in different parts of the tree. This pattern of foraging is best explained as an adaptation to which of the following relationships? A. predation B. mutualism C. competition D. commensalism

23. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 3. Three species of birds forage for insects in the same tree. However, each species tends to forage in different parts of the tree. This pattern of foraging is best explained as an adaptation to which of the following relationships? A. predation B. mutualism C. competition D. commensalism

24. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice,continued Use the map below to answer question 4. The map shows two islands.

25. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What can you infer about the number of species on each of these islands? F. Island A has more species. G. Island B has more species. H. Island A and Island B will have the same number of species. J. Both islands will have fewer species than islands that are located farther north.

26. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 4. What can you infer about the number of species on each of these islands? F. Island A has more species. G. Island B has more species. H. Island A and Island B will have the same number of species. J. Both islands will have fewer species than islands that are located farther north.

27. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 5. predator : prey :: herbivore : A. carnivore B. plant C. parasite D. predation

28. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 5. predator : prey :: herbivore : A. carnivore B. plant C. parasite D. predation

29. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice,continued Use the graph below to answer question 6. The shading in the graph indicates the frequency with which a certain bird species obtains prey, by prey size and location.

30. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. Which of the following statements is best supported by this graph? F. Most often, the bird eats insects. G. Most often, the bird nests above ground. H. Most often, the bird finds prey at ground level. J. Most often, the bird eats prey that is between 3 and 5 mm long.

31. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Multiple Choice, continued 6. Which of the following statements is best supported by this graph? F. Most often, the bird eats insects. G. Most often, the bird nests above ground. H. Most often, the bird finds prey at ground level. J. Most often, the bird eats prey that is between 3 and 5 mm long.

32. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Short Response Some plants produce chemicals that are irritating or poisonous to some animals. Explain the role of these adaptations in an ecological community.

33. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Short Response, continued Some plants produce chemicals that are irritating or poisonous to some animals. Explain the role of these adaptations in an ecological community. Answer: Secondary compounds are defensive chemicals synthesized by plants to prevent plants from being eaten. Strychnine and nicotine are two examples.

34. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. The gradual, sequential change in species in an area is called ecological succession. Part A Describe the stages of primary succession. Part B Compare primary succession and secondary succession.

35. Chapter 20 Standardized Test Prep Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A Primary succession starts with the exposure of bare land. Lichens colonize the rock. Decaying lichens as well as minerals from the rock lead to soil formation. Soil leads to colonization by pioneer species, such as moss and weeds. Large plants, such as shrubs and trees, replace pioneer species. Various trees become dominant, and succession ends with a mature forest. Part BPrimary succession occurs when bare rock is exposed by geological events, such as island formation or glacier retreat. Secondary succession occurs after a disturbance clears away an existing community, but the soil remains intact.