Warm up April 21

1. Warm up April 21 Question: Juan found a mineral with a mass of 102 grams. He calculated the volume to be 30 ml. What mineral did he find? D=M/V

2. Earth Science Rocks! MYP Unit Question: What’s out there? Standard: Every science standard! Learning Target: Today I will determine how well I remember my Earth Science standards because the CRCT is next week.

3. IAN #?? • Title: CRCT Review

4. Rocks and Minerals Standard • S6CS2. Students will use standard safety practices for all classroom laboratory and field investigations. • a. Follow correct procedures for use of scientific apparatus. • b. Demonstrate appropriate techniques in all laboratory situations. • c. Follow correct protocol for identifying and reporting safety problems and violations. • S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed. • b. Investigate the contribution of minerals to rock composition. • c. Classify rocks by their process of formation. • d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth.

5. Terms • Lab safety, goggles, aprons, safety symbols. • Mineral- Naturally formed inorganic solid with a crystal structure. • Rock- Naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals and organic matter. • Inorganic-Is not alive, never has been alive. • Crystalline- A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern • Composition- The materials that an object is made from. • Texture- The size, shape, and positions of the grains that make up a rock. • Rock cycle- The continual process by which new rock forms from old rock material. • Compaction- layers of sediment pressed together with pressure • Cementation- hardening layers of rock together • Igneous- Latin word that means “fire.” Forms when lava or magma, cools and solidifies. • Metamorphic- type of rock formed by heat and pressure • Sediment- tiny weathered rock particles • Sedimentary- type of rock formed by the deposition of sediment • Intrusive- rock formed as magma cools and solidifies beneath Earth's surface. • Extrusive- rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of lava at Earth's surface • Coarse-grained- rock with large mineral crystals, cooled slowly, intrusive • Fine-grained- rock with small or no evident mineral crystals, cooled quickly, extrusive • Foliated (banded)- thin separate layers are evident in rock • Non-foliated(non-banded)- no separate layers are evident in the rock

6. What are the characteristics of a mineral? • N • I • S • C • C

7. What are the characteristics of a mineral? • Naturally occurring • Inorganic (made from non-living material) • Solid • Chemical composition • Crystalline structure

8. What are the properties of minerals and how can we test them?

9. What are the properties of minerals and how can we test them? • Hardness—use the scratch test and Moh’s Hardness scale • Streak test • Density—mass divided by volume • Fracture and Cleavage (break the mineral) • Luster (the way it reflects light) • Special properties such as magnetism, fluorescence, taste, etc.)

10. Find the density of a mineral 1. The mass of a mineral was 14 grams. The volume of that mineral was 7ml. What is the density of that mineral? • Another mineral’s density was 6g/ml. It’s volume was 3ml. What was the minerals’ mass?

11. Density problems 1. The mass of a mineral was 14 grams. The volume of that mineral was 7ml. What is the density of that mineral? 2.0 g/ml 2. Another mineral’s density was 6g/ml. Its volume was 3ml. What was the mineral’s mass? 18 grams

12. Rock Cycle Song

13. What processes are shown by the arrows? Black arrows— Weathering, Deposition, Compaction and cementation Red arrows— Melting and cooling Tan arrows – Heat and pressure intrusive--magma --course grained Extrusive--lava --fine grained clastic Foliated- Non-foliated

14. Weathering, Erosion, Soil Standard • S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface if formed. • d. Describe processes that change rocks and the surface of the earth. • h. Describe soil as consisting of weathered rocks and decomposed organic material. • i. Explain the effects of human activity on the erosion of the earth’s surface. • j. Describe methods for conserving natural resources such as water, soil, and air.

15. Terms • Weathering- Breaking down rocks into smaller pieces • Erosion- The process by which sediment is removed from its source • ChemicalWeathering- Breaking down rocks through a chemical change • MechanicalWeathering- Breaking down rocks physically • Abrasion- Grinding and wearing down rock surfaces physically • Iron- Naturally occurring element that rust when exposed to oxygen • Gravity- An invisible force that causes objects to be pulled each other • Icewedging- Breaking down rocks through repeated freezing and thawing • Acidrain- Rain that contains above normal acid • Renewable resources- Resources that can be continually replaced. • Nonrenewable resources- Resources that are used faster than it is made • Conservation- Protection, preservation, or restoration of the natural environment. • Organic matter- Biological material that is decaying or decomposing, such as humus. • Horizons- Specific Layers of soil.

16. Weathering and Erosion Weathering—the breaking up of rock (Two kinds: ____________ and _________) The product of weathering is __________. Erosion is … (power teaching)

17. Weathering and Erosion Weathering—the breaking up of rock (Two kinds: Chemical and physical ) The product of weathering is soil. Erosion is … when wind, water, ice and gravity move soil from one place to another.

18. CRCT Review: Soil 4/22/14COPY IN YOUR NOTES---Topsoil DANCE A Topsoil -Organic -Humus B Subsoil WeatheredBedrock Clay C Bedrock

19. Investigating groundwater • Enter the subterranean world of groundwater

20. Weathering Mechanical (physical) Abrasion(grinding and wearing down rock surfaces by other tiny rocks/sand) Ice Wedging Animals Chemical Acid rain Oxidation(oxygen/iron) --rust Animals--lichens Erosion Moving sediment (weathered rock) Gravity (slump, landslides) Deposition Depositing the sediment (delta—where rivers meet larger water sources)

21. Dynamic Earth—Plate Tectonics • S6E5. Students will investigate the scientific view of how the earth’s surface is formed. • a. Compare and contrast the Earth’s crust, mantle, and core including temperature, density, and composition. • e. Recognize that lithospheric plates constantly move and cause major geological events on the earth’s surface. • f. Explain the effects of physical processes (plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, volcanic eruption, gravity) on geological features including oceans. • g. Describe how fossils show evidence of the changing surface and climate of the Earth.

22. Terms • Crust - The outermost layer of the Earth • Mantle - The layer of the Earth between the crust and the outer core • Core - The earth layer that extends from below the mantle to the center of the Earth. • Outer core- liquid part of core, made of molten iron and nickel • Inner core – solid part of core, mostly made of solid iron • Asthenosphere – a plastic layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move • Lithosphere- the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle • Seismic waves- earthquake waves that travel out from the earthquake in all directions. • Convection currents- Fluid movement due to differences in temperature and density • Sea floor spreading – Ocean floor separating as magma rises and solidifies. • Convergent boundary- Boundary between tectonic plates that are colliding • Divergent boundaries- Boundary between two tectonic plates that are separating • Transform boundary- Boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally • Continental drift- Hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations. • Tectonic plates- Pieces of the lithosphere that move top of the asthenosphere. • Pangaea - All of the present continents were once joined in a single, huge continent. • Fossil evidence – Similar fossils on different continents supporting continental drift • Mountain building- Mountains resulting from colliding convergent plates • Faults – Breaks in the Earth’s crust • Volcano – A place where hot liquid magma reaches the surface.

23. Draw and Label the layers of the Earth crust mantle • Which layer has the most mass? • Which layer is the thinnest? • Which layer is liquid? • What is the inner core made of? • What are the currents called where warm molecules rise due to density…. mantle Outer core Inner core crust Outer core(mantle is molten) Lithosphere- the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle Asthenosphere – a plastic layer of the mantle on which pieces of the lithosphere move Solid iron/nickel Convection currents

24. Plate tectonics

25. Tectonic PlatesRap Convergent—collide • Mountains (cont—cont) SUBDUCTION --trenches • Land volcanoes (cont—ocean) • Island volcanoes (ocean—ocean) Divergent—divide • Seafloor spreading --mid ocean ridge (magma rises) --rift valley (on land) Transform—slide --earthquakes(cause seismic waves)

26. Pangaea and Fossil evidence**Alfred Wegner Song*** Continental drift- Hypothesis that states that the continents once formed a single landmass, broke up, and drifted to their present locations……..PANGEA!!

27. Standard: Hydrology • S6E3Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes • a. Explain that a large portion of the Earth’s surface is water, consisting of oceans, rivers, lakes, underground water, and ice. • b. Relate various atmospheric conditions to stages of the water cycle. • c. Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world’s oceans. • d. Explain the causes of waves, currents, and tides.

28. Terms • Water cycle- Water moving continuously from the ocean/land to the sky and back • Evaporation- Liquid water changing to water vapor and rising to the atmosphere • Condensation- Water vapor changing to liquid and forming clouds. • Precipitation- Rain, Sleet, Snow, or Hail falling down • Transpiration- Evaporation from plants • Runoff- Water flowing on the ground due to gravity • Infiltration- Water sinking into the ground • Fresh water- Water in lakes, rivers, underground, and glaciers • Salt water- Ocean water • Aquifer- Water stored under ground • Groundwater- Water held in soil and rock crevices • Surface currents- Ocean surface water movement • Tides- The rise and fall of the ocean water due to moon’s gravity and partly by the sun • Continental shelf- Gentle sloping seabed near the land • Continental slope- Outer edge of the continental shelf to the ocean floor • Continental rise- Ocean floor between the continental slope and the abyssal plain. • Mid-ocean ridges- Ocean floor mountain system form by plate tectonics • Seamounts- Mountains under the ocean • Volcanic island- Island above the ocean surface form from seamounts • Ocean trench- Deepest parts of the ocean floor at a subduction zone • Renewable resources- Resources that can be continually replaced. • Nonrenewable resources- Resources that are used faster than it is made

29. Water cycle song SUN • What drives the Water Cycle? • Water cycle- Water moving continuously from the ocean/land to the sky and back • Evaporation- Liquid heating up and changing to water vapor (gas) • Condensation- Water vapor changing to liquid and forming clouds. • Precipitation- Rain, Sleet, Snow, or Hail falling down • Transpiration- Evaporation from plants • Runoff- Water flowing on the ground due to gravity • Infiltration- Water sinking into the ground

30. Ocean Floor • Continental shelf- Gentle sloping seabed near the land • Continental shelf— as you walk out from the beach • Continental slope- Outer edge of the continental shelf to the ocean floor • Continental rise- Ocean floor between the continental slope and the abyssal plain. • Mid-ocean ridges- Ocean floor mountain system form by plate tectonics • Seamounts- Mountains under the ocean • Volcanic island- Island above the ocean surface form from seamounts • Ocean trench- Deepest parts of the ocean floor at a subduction zone

31. Distribution of Earth’s Waters Where is all the water? • 97% salt water • 3% freshwater Freshwater: Most is found _______________. Ice caps and glaciers (frozen)

32. Renewable resources- Resources that can be continually replaced. • Water, wood (for now) • Nonrenewable resources- Resources that are used faster than it is made • Coal, natural gas

33. Standard: Climate and Weather • S6E4. Students will understand how the distribution of land and oceans affects climate and weather. • a. Demonstrate that land and water absorb and lose heat at different rates and explain the resulting effects on weather patterns. • b. Relate unequal heating of land and water surfaces to form large global wind systems and weather events such as tornados and thunderstorms. • c. Relate how moisture evaporating from the oceans affects the weather patterns and weather events such as hurricanes.

34. Terms • Atmosphere- mixture of gases that surrounds Earth • Air pressure - the force of air molecules pushing on a surface • Wind - movement of air caused by differences in air pressure • Global winds- Predictable air mass movement at every 30 degrees of latitude. • Land breeze- Breeze flowing from land to the sea (night time) • Sea breeze- Breeze flowing from sea to land (day time) • Coriolis effect- Curving of the winds and ocean currents due to the Earth’s rotation. • Air mass- large body of air where temperature and moisture are similar throughout. • Continental- air mass that forms over land, dry. • Maritime- Air mass that forms over oceans. • Tropical- air mass that forms over the Tropics. • Polar- Air mass that forms over the polar regions, cold. • Warm front- A warm front forms where warm air moves over cold, denser air. • Cold front- A cold front forms where cold air moves under warm air • Occluded front- Warm air mass is caught between two colder air masses. • Stationary front – Cold air mass meets a warm air mass and move very little • Hurricane- A severe storm formed over tropical oceans and with winds greater than 120 km/h (74mph) • Thunderstorm- Intense weather systems that produce strong winds, heavy rain, lightning, and thunder. • Tornado- A destructive, rotating column of air that has very high wind speeds and that may be visible as a funnel-shaped cloud. • Lightning- An electric discharge that occurs between a positively charged area and a negatively charged area. • Greenhouse effect- Process by which gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, absorb thermal energy and radiate it back to Earth

35. Atmosphere and Weather

36. Air Pressure WindsAir Masses/Fronts • the force of air molecules pushing on a surface • Differences in air pressure caused by unequal heating of the surface Weather is caused by unequal heating of land and water on the Earth Wind: movement of air caused by differences in air pressure Air Mass: similar temperature/humidity

37. Weather Maps

38. Warm fronts • Slow moving • Brings in warm air • Gentle rains

39. Cold fronts • Fast moving • Cold air moves in • Warmer air get “pushed” up—less dense • Forms cumulonimbus clouds and thunderstorms ****the faster the cold front is moving…the more severe the storms will be**

40. Stationary front • A warm front meets with a cold front, and neither overtake the other • Little movement • Continuous rain until one air mass pushes the other • ** (usually another front will come in to move them along)

41. QUICK REVIEW Rocks/Minerals • Types • Igneous (holey looking): basalt • Sedimentary (layers): limestone w/fossils, sandstone • Metamorphic: gneiss, rearranged minerals (foliated/nonfoliated) Weathering/Erosion/Soil • Weathering: breaks down, cracks in sidewalk, acid rain causes destruction • Erosion: moving sediment, if you move natural structures (trees, etc) erosion speeds up…so these must be replaced.

42. QUICK REVIEW Plate Tectonics --temp increases as you go to center --plates move on the lithosphere/upper mantle Divergent: midocean ridge, new sea floor at “cut”—older the farther out Convergent: volcanoes, mountains…. Transform: earthquakes Hydrology --know the features of the ocean floor --percentage of salt and freshwater (mostly frozen) --waves caused by winds --currents caused by temperature changes in water --know the water cycle (evaporation needs heat)

43. QUICK REVIEW Weather --Low pressure, storms….warm and moist air --High pressure, clear skies mostly….cooler and dry Astronomy --Eclipses S m E = solar eclipse S E m = lunar eclipse --ALL things in our solar system orbit the SUN because of gravity

44. Tides: due to gravitational pull of moon and sun Spring Tide Neap Tide not much difference (neap) when moon is quartered • highest/lowest tide (spring) when moon is full/new

45. Astronomy Seasons--look where the sun is—the USA in the northern hemisphere