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Caterpillar Roll

Caterpillar Roll. LEPIDOPTERA. LEGOPTERA. Tiger Moth. Amphiesmenoptera, “double-membrane wing”. TRICHOPTERA , revisited. Aquatic (larvae) Most larvae live in cases Adults: hairy wings (cf. scaly), do not feed. Lepidoptera: General Characteristics.

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Caterpillar Roll

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  1. Caterpillar Roll

  2. LEPIDOPTERA

  3. LEGOPTERA Tiger Moth

  4. Amphiesmenoptera, “double-membrane wing”

  5. TRICHOPTERA, revisited • Aquatic (larvae) • Most larvae live in cases • Adults: hairy wings (cf. scaly), do not feed

  6. Lepidoptera: General Characteristics • Adults = moths or butterflies with: • Long, nectar-sucking proboscis (maxillary galeae) in most • Prominent antennae, males often more ornate • Large, scale-covered wings • Larvae = caterpillars with: • Head capsule • Chewing mandibles • Stemmata • Prolegs • Silk glands & spinnerettes Hawk moths (Sphingidae) & hummingbirds: overlap in scale, aerodynamics, physiology, behavior, & ecology.

  7. photo EAS Brephidium exilis (Lycaenidae), smallest butterfly in North America, wingspan about 1.5 cm. Recently noted in WA!

  8. Holo-metaboly! Death’s head sphinx moth life cycle. Illustration byMaria Sybilla Merian, ca.1690, one of the first female European naturalists.

  9. CATERPILLARS!

  10. Typical Caterpillar Morphology stemmata digestive system (imaginal disk)

  11. Caterpillar mortality can be very high, even among well-protected species.

  12. photo EAS Megalopyge opercularis, a puss caterpillar with urticating hairs.

  13. Expert mimesis/crypsis artists. head

  14. Highly refined morphological/behavioral mimesis in a caterpillar.

  15. Antennae NOT! Papilio caterpillar displaying protrusible warning/odoriferous osmeterium.

  16. photo: EAS More caterpillar defenses Gall-making moth larva in desert gourd, Arizona.  eyespots fecal mimesis

  17. WINGS! Light-refracting ultrastructure of the ribs of a butterfly scale. X 18,000 Butterfly wing scales. X ~200

  18. Wing Pattern Genesis The “89” butterfly. Wing pattern formation begins in the embryological wing bud tissue as cell regions proliferate according to simple rules.

  19. Wings as reproductive flags. Visual attractiveness strategies between sexes in two pierids; sexual dimorphism in ultraviolet reflectance (Pieridae: LEPIDOPTERA) from Rutowski, 1998

  20. Wing sexual dimorphism --only one sex disperses. Moths sans wings!Wingless female ofOrgyia sp., Lymantriidae. photo: EAS photo EAS

  21. They are all MOTHS! Luna moth Clearwing moth

  22. An ermine moth (Yponomeutidae). photo EAS A clearwing moth (Sesiidae).

  23. “Moth” or “Butterfly”? Proposition:1) All Lepidoptera are MOTHS!2) Butterflies are specialized, day-flying moths! (Pyle: moths are “honorary butterflies”!) Lepidopterous antennal types. continued…

  24. female male Sexual dimorphism in nocturnal moth antennae.

  25. …more “Moth or Butterfly?”

  26. Skippers (Hesperiidae), the exception to the dichotomy. • Sister group to rest of butterflies. • Antennae “hooked” • Body robust, moth-like • Wings held at an angle • Distinctive flight behavior, larval morphology.

  27. photo EAS The chief source of energy for most adult Lepidoptera is flower nectar. Many contribute to pollination.

  28. Lepidoptera are second after bees in importance as pollinators. Many flowers are specifically adapted for pollination by moths, even down to a one-to-one correspondence of species. Darwin recognized this.

  29. Puddling behavior, long-lived adults imbibing micronutrients for use in egg maturation and other aspects of reproduction.

  30. Female Parnassius clodius with attached male sphragis,a type of mating plug.

  31. gills TRICHOPTERA - NOT!An aquatic moth!Reiterative evolution of an aquatic life cycle. Life cycle of Paragyractis confusalis (Pyralidae: LEPIDOPTERA) an aquatic moth with a caddisfly-like natural history. pupal case In memoriam: Dr. Harry Lange

  32. Unusual feeding habits in moths. Fruit-feeding moth. The blood-sucking moth Calpe eustrigata of southeast Asia. Mouthparts modified for piercing mammal skin. from Evans, 1984

  33. Some caterpillars have coevolved with ants and may be social parasites. Many species of blues (Lycaenidae) have this habit.

  34. Adoption strategy of a socially parasitic predatory caterpillar. Worker ant bringing home a Lycaenid caterpillar. • 2 glands are used to:pacify an ant andencourage “adoption”. Once in the ant nest, the caterpillar commences to feed on the ant larvae. from Holldobler & Wilson 1986

  35. A carnivorous caterpillar… from Hawa’ii A carnivorous caterpillar Photo: National Geographic

  36. Silk moths, Bombyx mori a 100% captive species

  37. a b d c all photos from Borror, DeLong, & Triplehorn 1981 Major lepidopteran pests. a) codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Tortricidae); b) case-making clothes moth, Tinea pellionella (Tineidae); c) European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Pyralidae); d) Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Pyralidae).

  38. Western Tent Caterpillar male Native to W. WA. Although unsightly, defoliation is rarely fatal to the tree. female Gregarious, group-feeding tent caterpillars (Lasiocampidae) typically have cyclic population curves spanning several years.

  39. Gypsy Moth,Lymantria dispar • European native, introduced to N. America in late 1800’s to breed silk moths • Wide host range, including many broadleaf forest trees of N. America • Escaped without natural control • Since mid-1900’s, an ecosystem-scale pest • Now threatening western forests

  40. Gypsy moth damage • A Related West Coast Threat: • The Asian Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (Asian subspecies) • Host range includes Douglass Fir, other conifers • Major threat to Pacific Northwest ecosystems • Could become established any time • Both subspecies of Gypsy Moths are under constant surveillance in Washington. • Control programs have so far stopped several minor infestations. • The main management tools are pheromone traps and a Lepidopteran-specific strain of Bacillus thuringiensis (BT). in an eastern forest (summer). Most trees do not survive multiple defoliations.

  41. Washington Butterfly Association (WABA) http://www.naba.org/chapters/nabaws/index.htm Meets every 1st Wednesday, 19:00 at CUH

  42. ~ end ~

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