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Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Subnetting Basicsl. Summary of the Three Classes of Networks. Subnetting. Benefits Reduce Network Traffic Routers create Broadcast Domains Optimal Performance Simplified Management Capable of spanning long distances Subnets Allow you to break large networks into smaller ones

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Chapter 3

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  1. Chapter 3 Subnetting Basicsl

  2. Summary of the Three Classes of Networks

  3. Subnetting • Benefits • Reduce Network Traffic • Routers create Broadcast Domains • Optimal Performance • Simplified Management • Capable of spanning long distances • Subnets • Allow you to break large networks into smaller ones • Must take bits from the hostid part of the address • Always take from the left most hostid bits

  4. First Things First • Determine the number of networks needed • One for each subnetwork • One for each WAN segment • Determine the number of hosts required • One for each TCP/IP host • One for each Router interface • Create the following • A subnet mask for the entire network • A subnet id for each network segment • A range of host ids for each subnet segment

  5. Subnet Masks

  6. Subnetting Class C Addresses • Class C address = 8 host bits • Subnetting = • 10000000 = 128 • 11000000 = 192 • 11100000 = 224 • 11110000 = 240 • 11111000 = 248 • 11111100 = 252 • 11111110 = 254 • Rules • Cannot have only 1 bit for subnetting • Subnets 128 & 254 are illegal • Cisco allows 1 bit to be used for subnetting • ip subnet-zero

  7. The Binary Method – using 2 bits

  8. The Alternate Method 1. How many subnets does the subnet mask produce? • 2x x=number of bits for subnet 2. How many valid hosts per subnet? 2y • y=number of bits for host ids 3. What are the valid subnets? • 256 – subnet = first subnetwork (block) • add the block to subnetwork • stop when subnet mask is reached 4. What is the broadcast address of each subnet? • Next subnetwork – 1 5. What are the valid hosts in each subnet? • First Host = Subnetwork + 1 • Last Host = Broadcast - 1

  9. Subnetting Practice Examples • Class C • Page 108 • Class B • Page 114 • Class A • Page 120

  10. Super Netting • Using Network / Subnet bits • Increase Number of hosts available

  11. Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM) • Previous examples have used 1 fixed length subnet mask for entire network • Example 192.168.10.0/28 • 255.255.255.240 • How many hosts on each subnet?

  12. VLSM • Allows for a varying number of hosts on different subnet segments • Uses different size subnet masks for different subnet segments • Not Supported by RIP v1.0 or IGRP • Classful routing • RIP v2.0, OSPF, EIGRP support • Classless routing

  13. Trouble Shooting • PING 127.0.0.1 (localhost) • TCP/IP stack intalled properly • PING host ip address • Communicating with you NIC • PING the gateway (ie the router) • Physical connectivity • PING Server ip address • Network path • PING Server FQDN • DNS is working

  14. What’s the Problem?

  15. What’s the Problem?

  16. Things to Know • Calculating subnet mask, host addresses, broadcast address • Understand the various block sizes • VLSM • Four diagnostic steps • Find and Fixing IP address problems

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