Territorial Expansion and Sectional Crisis

1. Territorial Expansion and Sectional Crisis AP Review: 1840’s through the 1870’s

2. Manifest Destiny • What is “manifest destiny”? • Texas Annexation • California and the Oregon Territory • President Polk and the War with Mexico • Slavery and the Wilmot Proviso • Expansion continues . . .

3. American Culture in the mid-1800’s • National literature, art and architecture • Utopian experiments • Reform movements • Roles of women • Abolitionism • Temperance • Mental health • Education

4. The ‘50s: A Decade of Crisis • Compromise of 1850 • Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Kansas-Nebraska Act and the realignment of parties • Demise of the Whigs • Emergence of Republican Party • Dred Scott

5. The ‘50s: A Decade of Crisis • Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858 • John Brown and his raid • Election of 1860 • The secession crisis

6. Causes of the Civil War • Continuing Sectional Struggles • Henry Clay’s great compromises • 1820 and 1850 • The “Peculiar Institution” • Growing voice of the abolitionists • The Dred Scott decision

7. War Strategies and Assessments • United States (Union) Military Goals • Blockade southern ports • Control of Mississippi River down to New Orleans • Take Richmond - Confederate capital

8. War Strategies and Assessments • Union Strengths and Advantages • Population • Industrial Capacity • Wealth • Superior Transportation • Military Forces

9. War Strategies and Assessments • Confederate States Military Goals • Defend new nation • Enlist European Assistance

10. War Strategies and Assessments • Confederate Advantages • Emotional edge - fighting for a cause and defense of their homes • Defending is easier than invading • Better officers and soldiers

11. Significant Successes - East • Bull Run, July 1861 (Manassas) - Union defeated by “Stonewall” Jackson • McClellan appointed commander of Army of the Potomac • McClellan attacks Richmond, March and April 1862 - fails • Second Battle of Bull Run, August 1862 - Union supplies destroyed • Battle of Antietam, September 1862 - Bloodiest day of the Civil War

12. Significant Battles - East • Merrimack (Confederate) and the Monitor (Union) • March 1862 http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/civilwar/n-at-cst/hr-james/9mar62.htm

13. Significant Battles - East • Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863 - Confederates hoped for a victory on Northern soil, but due to supplies and casualties retreat • Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864 - 1865 - ends in marching to Columbia and burns it to the ground

14. Significant Battles - West • Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, February 1862 - Union gunboats defeat Confederates • Battle of Shiloh, TN, April 1862 - Union defeat after 2 day battle • Battle of Vicksburg, MS, July 1863 - Grant lays seige to Vicksburg in a surround and starve strategy successfully • a turning point in the war as the Union re-took the Mississippi

15. The Gettysburg Address • November 1863 • Ceremony to honor fallen Union soldiers • Edward Everett gives a 2 hour speech • President invited to give brief remarks - 2 minutes • Milestone in expanding liberty to all

16. Slavery comes to an end • Lincoln’s campaign concerns - hesitation • Confiscation Acts (1861 and 1862): gave the Union the power to confiscate enemy “property” and freed those slaves • Emancipation Proclamation (1862): by executive order freed all slaves in the states at war with the Union • Thirteenth Amendment (1865): amending the Constitution was necessary to negate phrases that legitimized slavery and to abolish slavery in all the states

17. Lee Surrenders at Appomatox • April 1865 • Defeated Confederate troops surrounded by the Union at Appomatox Court House Lee and Grant meet to discuss terms • South takes horses and mules home, would not be punished as traitors if they agreed to follow the laws • North agreed to feed the remaining Confederate troops

18. Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War • Morrill Tariff Act, 1861- increased import fees • National Banking Act, 1863 - standardized currency backed by government bonds • investors also obliged to buy a percentage of bonds

19. Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War • Draft Law • 1863 • allowed for substitutes • $300 exemption • New York riot in July protesting the new law • Suspension of Civil Liberties • Suspension of writ of habeas corpus

20. Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War • Greenback Policy • printing money to finance war • Income tax levied in 1861 • Homestead Act • 1862 • free land in west

21. Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War • Women in the War • Clara Barton - nursing, founded Red Cross • Dorothea Dix - Superintendent of Nurses, • Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell - medical school graduate, U.S. Sanitary Comission

22. Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War • African Americans in the War • 180,000 served in the Union Army • 54th Massachusetts Regiment - Battle of Fort Wagner, Charleston

23. Political, Economic and Social Issues During the War • Election of 1864 • Lincoln v. McClellan • Union Party - Republicans and War Democrats • Peace Democrats and Copperheads

24. Reconstruction • A redefinition of social, economic and political relationships between the North and the South • An effort to repair the damage to the South and to restore the Southern states to the Union

25. 2/3 southern shipping 9000 miles of railroads 1/3 of all livestock 100s of miles of roads Value of southern property declined by 70% buildings, factories, bridges, etc. destroyed. The War Destroyed . . .

26. The Human Toll • North • 364,000 (38,000 African Americans • South • 260,000 • 1/5 adult white men; 1 of 3 southern men were killed or wounded

27. Southern Hardships • Black Southerners • 4 million freed slaves, homeless, jobless and hungry • Plantation Owners • loss of $3mil. worth of slave labor • worthless Confederate currency • $100 mil. Worth of southern plantations and cotton seized through the Captured and Abandoned Property Act • Poor White Settlers • could not find work due to new competition • began migrating to the western frontiers

28. Reconstruction • Lincoln’s Death • April 14, 1865

29. Lincoln 10% Plan - quick reunion Radical Republicans demanded more strict measures in the Wade-Davis Bill Lincoln and Congress blocked each other’s plans until Lincoln’s death Johnson small farmer’s advocate with a hatred for plantation owners restrictive policy excluding rich southerners from political participation undermined his own policy by liberally pardoning southerners, even Confederate politicians Lincoln v. Johnson

30. Congressional Reconstruction • While one of the goals of the war was to free slaves, once southern states met the Reconstruction plan requirements, they reverted back to their old ways • Black Codes - limited freedmen’s rights • curfews, vagrancy laws, labor contracts, land restrictions

31. Congressional Reconstruction • 14th Amendment 1866 • first cornerstone of Congressional Reconstruction • gave citizenship and due process of law to all persons born in the U.S. • 3/5 clause abolished. States may exclude blacks from voting, but their representation may be decreased if they do so • Confederate officeholders barred from political office

32. 14th Amendment • Reactions • President Johnson and the Democrats denounced the amendment and lobbied against • Republicans realized that their leadership could achieve meaningful change • Some northerners supported harsh sanctions against the former Confederacy

33. Reconstruction Act, 1867 • High point of Congressional Reconstruction • dissolved Southern state governments and placed them under military rule • Enfranchised the freedmen and required new state constitutions drafted by elections by both blacks and whites • Required state legislatures to ratify the 14th Amendment to fully re-enter the Union

34. 15th Amendment • Last major piece of the Congressional Reconstruction • Prohibited the exclusion of male adults from voting based on race or having been slaves • passed by Congress in 1869 and ratification became a precondition for reentering the Union

35. Impeaching Andrew Johnson • Reconstruction Act brought increased tension between Congress and the President • Congress passed several laws to bring the President under control • 1867 Tenure of Office Act to keep Johnson from firing Sec. Of War Edwin Stanton • Johnson fired Stanton anyway • Republican leaders started impeachment proceedings against Johnson • Johnson’s conviction narrowly defeated

36. The Freedmen • Finding family became the first priority of many • black churches, institutions established and flourished • Freedman’s Bureau • first federally financed social service program • set up over 4000 elementary schools • provided assistance to more than just African-Americans

37. Political Involvement • Participated in Reconstruction legislatures as Republicans • Some black members of Congress elected and sent to Washington • often pursued reconciliation policies with white Southerners to no avail • also tried to achieve key black demands, such as land reform and social equality

38. “Carpetbaggers” and “Scalawags” • Most white southerners blamed Republicans and their alleged corruption • white Northerners who immigrated South were called “carpetbaggers” • white Southern Republicans were called “scalawags” • Although mostly ungrounded, these charges and stereotypes proved extremely persistent

39. Violent Resistance • Many white southerners resisted with violence • vigilante groups intimidated, attacked and killed freedmen and destroyed their institutions • Ku Klux Klan - outlawed, but little else done to protect their victims

40. Sharecropping • New labor system emerged in cotton economy • sharecroppers rented land and paid the owner with a share of the crop - 50% • both blacks and whites participated • system led many sharecroppers into perpetual debt

41. Supreme Court Barriers • US v. Reese, 1876 - allowed the disenfranchisement of blacks, such as making up voting requirements that freedmen could not achieve • Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 - allowed for segregation in almost all aspects of society • The decisions allowed Southerners to construct a “Jim Crow” system of de facto laws

42. Waning Republican Support • 1870s - Radical Republicans lost influence and lost interest • Liberal Republicans broke away to protest the scandals of the Grant administration • 1873 economic depression refocused Northern goals

43. Compromise of 1877 • 1876 Election showed a narrow victory for the Democratic candidate, Tilden • Republicans contested in three states • Compromise reached whereas the Democrats would accept Hayes as the president if the Republicans ceased resistance to home rule in the South • Reconstruction ends