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Civil Rights Movement: Historical Overview and Legal Victories

Explore the evolution of the Civil Rights Movement, from early struggles against segregation to legal battles for equality, leadership figures, and significant events like the Brown v. Board of Education case. Learn about key organizations and tactics used to fight racial discrimination in American history.

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Civil Rights Movement: Historical Overview and Legal Victories

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  1. Civil Right Movement • Early vs. Modern Civil Rights Movement • Searching for an Identity and Leadership • Leaders, Activities, and Organizations

  2. Civil Right MovementSECTION 1:Taking on Segregation I. The Segregation System • Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 • “14th amendment does not prevent private organization from discriminating” • . Legalized Jim Crow Laws • Segregated accommodations were legal provided they were equal 3. “separate but equal”

  3. Civil Right Movement • Booker T. Washington 1. Founder of Tuskegee Institution in 1891 2. Focus – industrial education /learn a skill 3. Vocational jobs to improve economic situation

  4. Civil Right Movement • W.E.B. Du Bois 1.Ph.D. from Harvard 2. Founder of the NAACP in 1910 3. Use courts to fight discrimination 4. Rejected Washington’s ideas

  5. Civil Right Movement • Marcus Garvey 1. Black nationalist 2. United Negro Improvement Association in 1914 3. Stressed racial separation from white 4. Encouraged a return to Africa

  6. Civil Right Movement Segregation Continues into the 20th Century B. After Civil War, African Americans go north to escape racism 1. North: housing in all-AfricanAmerican areas, whites resent jobcompetition 2. Northern segregation- de facto -by practice and custom (culture)

  7. Civil Right Movement In the 1950s C.15 million African Americans living in the United States D. South: Jim Crows laws ruled their lives- dejure-by law 1. Legalsegregation in schools, parks, transportation, hospitals etc

  8. Civil Right Movement E. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 1. Bring about change through peaceful measures= sit ins 2. Founded by in 1942, (most members were white and middle class) James Farmers – 1st African American leader 1961 Successfully integrated Public facilities in Chicago, Detroit, Denver, and Syracuse. James Farmer 1920-1999

  9. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • Staged “sit-ins” in public places that refused to serve African Americans.

  10. II. Challenging Segregation in Court A. The NAACP LegalStrategy 1. Charles Hamilton Houston leads NAACP legal campaign 2. Focuses on most glaring inequalities of segregated public education- SEPARATE IS NOT EQUAL 3. Places team of law students under Thurgood Marshall - win 29 out of 32 cases argued before Supreme Court **Support court cases to overturn segregation** Ex: Norris v. Alabama, 1935 = exclusion from juries Morgan v. Virginia, 1946 = segregation on interstate buses Sweatt v. Painter, 1950= state law schools Charles Houston was one of the most important civil rights attorneys in American history. WWI VET

  11. Thurgood Marshall NAACP chief lawyer who tried to end segregation in schools.

  12. Civil Right Movement B. Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, May 17, 1954 (ended decades of segregation in the South) 1. Supreme Court unanimously decided segregation violates the 14th amendment, strikes down school segregation, unconstitutional 2. Thurgood Marshall argues the case; greatest victory 3. Many schools began integrating =500 in 1 year Brown Family

  13. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas(1954) • Supreme Court case that ruled segregation in the schools was unconstitutional. • Many schools began integrating

  14. Civil Right Movement --Did all schools comply? C. Brown II, orders desegregation at “all deliberate speed” D. Chief Justice Earl Warrenappointed to the Supreme Court 1. Warren Court - Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS-1954 overturned Plessy v. Ferguson • Thurgood Marshall first African American on Supreme Court 1967

  15. Thurgood Marshall • NAACP chief lawyer who tried to end segregation in schools.

  16. Civil Right Movement Governor Earl Warren was appointed to the Supreme Court Warren Court – Civil Rights & Rights of the accused Warren Commission- Investigated Kennedy’s assignation

  17. Warren Court Reforms Under Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Supreme Court issued a number of decisions that altered the voting system, expanded due process, and reinterpreted aspects of the First Amendment. • A sampling of major decisions of the Warren Court • Civil Rights • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional • Due Process • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Ruled that unlawfully seized evidence cannot be used in a trial • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) Established suspect’s right to court-appointed attorney if • suspects were unable to afford one • Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) Affirmed right of the accused to an attorney during police • questioning • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Required police to inform suspects of their rights during the • arrest process • Freedom of Speech and Religion • Engel v. Vitale (1962) Banned state-mandated prayer in public schools • Abington School District v. Schempp (1963) Banned state-mandated Bible reading in public schools

  18. III. Integration at LittleRock 1957 A. Little Rock, Arkansas- 1957-school board voted to admit 9 African Americans (Little Rock 9) B. Arkansas Gov. Orval Faubus called National Guard to prevent them from entering Central High=9/4/57 C. Eisenhower sent in Army to restore order and protect the “Little Rock 9” *Troops remain the entire year* D. 1957 Civil Rights Act —federal government power over schools, voting-9/9/57 1st federal legislation since Reconstruction. Eisenhower sent bill to Congress. With help of LBJ, it passes. Elizabeth Eckford faces abusive crowd when she tries to enter school

  19. U.S. Army protects the 9 students

  20. IV. Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956 A. Rosa Parks “mother of civil rights movement”- challenged the separate-but-equal B. Arrested not giving up seat in white section C. Montgomery Improvement Association formed, organizes bus Boycott 1. Elect 26-year-old Baptist pastor Martin Luther King, Jr. leader D. African Americans go on strike against bus- Montgomery Bus Boycott - 1955-1956 E. 1956, Supreme Court outlaws bus Segregation F. Event produced a leader, an organization, technique 1. Martin Luther King Jr. 2.SCLC= Southern Christian Leadership Conference 3. Non-violent civil disobedience – inspired by India’s Gandhi

  21. Rosa Parks • Woman who challenged the separate-but-equal law by sitting in the white section of a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

  22. Martin Luther King, Jr.

  23. A. Martin Luther King, JR. used nonviolent resistance “soul force” 1. sit-ins and marches 2. founded Southern Christian Leadership Conference -staged protests 3. tried to register African Americans to vote and challenged segregation everywhere B. JFK elected in 1960 supports Martin Luther King V. Martin Luther King and the SCLC

  24. Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SLCC) • Civil Rights group that tried to register African Americans to vote and challenged segregation everywhere. • King was the first president.

  25. VI. The Movement Spreads A. Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC) non violence but calls for more confrontational strategy 1.created by students 2. Leader Robert Moses 3. was organized to advance the "sit-in" Movement 4.refuse to leave segregated lunch counter until served B. Influenced by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to use sit-ins. ** Also sent volunteers into the South to register African American to vote. Focus on not just urban but also rural areas- Moses >> Voter Education Project**

  26. Civil Right Movement Demonstrating for Freedom C. Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, NC, February 1, 1960 1.Greensboro four- SIT IN 2. Not served, segregated 3. first sit in shown nationwide TV D. July, 1960= desegregated lunch counters • By the end of the week over 300 students were participating in the Woolworth sit in • Over 70,000 people participated in sit-in through out the South

  27. Civil Right MovementSECTION 2: The Triumphs of a Crusade I. CORE’s Freedom Rides A. Spring of 1961 (Boynton v. Virginia, 1960, case overturned a conviction of an African American law student for trespassing in a bus terminal "whites only". It held that racial segregation in public transportation was illegal and violated the Interstate Commerce Act, which broadly forbade discrimination in interstate passenger transportation) B. SNCC, members joined CORE, encourage the Freedom Rides C. Placed white and black students on interstate busses to test new court decision to desegregate D. In deep South response was violent, many beaten E. Attorney General Robert Kennedy assigned federal marshals to protect riders, Interstate Commerce Commission act: ban segregation in all interstate travel facilities

  28. Civil Right Movement II. Standing Firm A. Integration of “Ole Miss” 1. 29 yr old veteran JamesMeredith, enroll in all-white University of Mississippi.1962 2. Arrival touched off riots 3. Gov Ross Barnett refused to allow to register • Announced state laws were superior to federal laws 4. Kennedy ordered Federal troops 5. Riots broke out-2 deaths (1st federal marshals under orders not to fire, 160 marshals wounded, then thousands of troops; troops remain the year)

  29. Governor Ross Barnett

  30. James Meredith being escorted by federal marshals at Ole Miss

  31. Meredith attempts to register for school

  32. Mobs gather to protest Meredith’s enrollment

  33. U.S. Army enters Oxford

  34. Army uses tear gas to quiet the mob

  35. Meredith graduates from Ole Miss

  36. Civil Right Movement B. Birmingham, Alabama 1. Martin Luther King, Jr. 1. asked to come to the city;2. Dr. Kings wanted to force Kennedy to openly support Civil Rights April 3, 1963 (concern was federal govt only got involved when things turn violent) 2. Most segregated big city in America 3. King arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham” – to white religious leaders 4. It was a planned non-violent campaign 5. Police used fire hoses, police dogs and clubs 6. TV carried scene to the nation *Kennedy begins work on Civil Rights Bill

  37. Civil Right Movement **Shortly after Birmingham shocked the nation Gov Wallace gives Kennedy an opportunity to address the Nation** C. June 1963, JFK sends troops to force Gov. Wallace to desegregate U of AL D. NAACP’s Medger Evers assassinated in Jackson, MS- by Byron De La Beckwith in 1963; hung juries lead to killer’s release was

  38. George Wallace • Governor of Alabama who refused to allow Alabama schools to integrate. • Kennedy announced a Civil Rights bill the same day.

  39. Wallace stands in front of the school door

  40. Civil Right Movement II. March on Washington (Aug 1963) A. to persuade Congress to pass Kennedy’s civil rights bill * Passed the House (Supported by Northern Dems & Repubs) but not the Senate (Southern Dems used a filibuster)* B. 250,000 marched at Washington C. ‘I have a Dream' speech was made D. JFK was killed in Nov. 22,1963

  41. I have a Dream

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