Nonrenewable Energy

1. Nonrenewable Energy Chapter 12 Friedland Chapter 15 Miller

2. Nonrenewable Energy • Fossil Fuels • Nuclear Fuels Units of Energy • Joule (J) • Gigajoule (GJ) • Exajoule (EJ) • Quad Units of Power • Watt (W) • Horsepower (hp)

3. Laws of Thermodynamics • First Law of Thermodynamics • Second Law of Thermodynamics

4. Largest to smallest • Peat • One of the biggest uses of energy is in the production of electricity • Energy used to make another form of energy.

5. Annual Energy ConsumptionPer capital Consumption • Largest Annual Consumption • Largest Per Capita Consumption • Energy Use • Developed Countries • Developing Countries • Commercial Energy Sources • Subsistence Energy Sources

6. Patterns of Energy Use in U.S. • In order: • Output • Energy • Waste • Heat • CO2 • Other pollutants

7. Oil and Gas often formed in the same area deep in the earth under land and ocean stored in the pores between rocks. Coal is found in long continuous deposits called seams at various depths under ground. Energy Mix • Fossil fuel • Nuclear fuel • Renewable fuel • Varies Regionally • Varies Seasonally

8. Production – 70% Import – 30% Export – very little • Uses • Industry • Transportation • Residential • Commercial

9. Quantifying Energy Efficiency • Efficiency of the process of obtaining the fuel. • Efficiency of the process of converting the energy to work. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

10. EROEI • Energy return on energy investment • Coal -35% efficient BUT if you consider: • Cost to extract the coal • Cost to build the equipment to extract the coal • Building the power plant • Disposing of the waste from the power plant • EROEI • How much energy from an energy source for each unit of energy expended on production • EROEI = __ energy from fuel____________ energy invested to obtain the fuel • In order to obtain 100J of coal energy, 5J of energy is expended. What is the EROEI?

11. Energy and Transportation • 29% of energy in U.S. is used for transportation • If the car had 4 passengers, divide by 4. • Then the car becomes the most efficient. • Does not take into account convenience, comfort or style.

12. Overall Fuel Efficiency of Automobiles • Light trucks – SUVs, minivans, pickup trucks. • ____mpg • Emit more pollutants per liter of fuel. • Cars • ___mpg • Hybrids • ___ mpg

13. Electricity a form of Energy • Coal, oil and natural gas are primary sources of energy. • Electricity is a secondary source of energy • Obtained from a primary source. • Electricity is an energy carrier. • 40% of the energy used in U.S. is used to generate electricity. • Due to conversion losses, only 13% of that energy is available for end uses (customers).

14. Vampire Appliances • Appliances that consume electricity even when they are turned off. • Cost to consumers • Increase demand for electricity • These can be connected to power strips and then turn off the power strip and the they will not consume electricity.

15. Electricity Generation

16. Generator • Consists of copper wire coils and magnets. • One stationary (Stator) • One rotates (Rotor) • As the turbine spins, the magnets in the generator to pass over the wire coils. • This generates a flow of electrons through the copper wire producing alternating current that passes into electrical transmission lines.

17. Power Plant Capacity • Capacity • Maximum electrical output • Typically 500 megawatts (MW) • For one day: 500 MW X 24 = 12,000megawatt hours (MWh) • 12,000,000 kWh a day (1 kWh = 1,000 MWh) • For a year 365 X daily amount • Capacity Factor • Amount of time a plant actually operates in a year.

18. Fuels Used for Electricity Generation in the U.S. Cogeneration • Use of a fuel to generate electricity and produce heat. • Steam used to for industry or to heat a building is used to turn a turbine first, the efficiency can be as high as 90% • Coal is the main source of energy generation.

19. Fossil Fuel Formation • From deposits of organic matter formed 50- 350 million years ago. • Organism dies and decomposers break down most of the biomass aerobically and it reenters the food web. • In swamps, deltas, and ocean floor, detritus may build up in an anaerobic environment. • Decomposers cannot break down all the detritus. • Material gets buried under layers of sediment and exposed to heat and pressure. • The organic compounds are transformed into high-energy solid, liquid and gas components. • Because they come from ancient biomass they are called fossil fuels.

20. Coal From lesser to greater age. Exposure to more pressure. Greater energy content. Largest coal reserves in U.S., Russia, China, India

21. Coal Mining • Strip Mining • Removal of the Earth’s surface all the way down to the level of the coal seam. • Coal is removed and overburden (Earth that was removed) is replaced, topped with soil and vegetation is replaced. • Underground Mining • Tunnels are dug or blasted and people enter the tunnels to remove the coal. • Cave-ins damaging human life and subsidence.

22. Coal Advantages Disadvantages Energy dense. Plentiful. Surface mining easy. Easy to handle and transport. No refining needed. Subsurface mining damages environment and human life. Contains pollutants – sulfur (lignite and anthracite have less), mercury, lead, arsenic. Waste from burning is ash stored near power plants. 60-80% carbon which is converted into CO2 when coal is burned. Produces more CO2 than oil or natural gas.

23. Scrubbers • Equipment precipitate out the harmful substances forming a neutral compound in the scrubber that is eliminated in waste sludge.

24. Mountain Top Removal

25. Black Lung Disease - Pneumoconiosis • Black lung disease is a common name for any lung disease developing from inhaling coal dust. • This name comes from the fact that those with the disease have lungs that look black instead of pink. • First symptoms are often vague and may include the following: Fatigue, Fever, Weight loss, Joint pain, Shortness of breath, or a cough that won't go away. • The inhalation and accumulation of coal dust into the lungs increases the risk of developing emphysema and chronic bronchitis. • Coal dust can also increase the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

26. Petroleum – Liquid Fossil Fuel • Coal for stationary use; Petroleum for mobile use –gas and oil • Composition • Hydrocarbons • Water • Sulfur • Mercury • Lead • Arsenic • Formation • Microscopic plankton • 50–150 million year ago • In porous sedimentary rock • Covered by non porous rock

27. Mining Petroleum • Flow out like an artesian well. • Drilled and pumped. • Transported by pipeline from ground. • Transported by tankers from water. • Contains natural gas on top which separates out – gas flare. • Flaring is burning of the gas to prevent an explosion.

28. Refining Oil • Crude oil • Refined products are determined by the temperature at which they boil. • Products are separated at an oil refinery.

29. Oil Use • U.S. uses more petroleum than any other fuel. • Half of the petroleum produced is used for gas. • Raw material for petrochemicals • Plastics • Lubricants • Solvents • Top oil producing countries (in order) • Saudi Arabia • Russia • U.S. • Iran • China • Canada • Mexico

30. Petroleum Advantages Disadvantages Easy to transport and use. Energy dense. Clean burning – no ash. Produces 85% of CO2 as coal. Releases CO2 when burned – but less than coal. Releases sulfur, lead, mercury, arsenic but some sulfur is removed in refining. Potential for oil leak from source or transport. US. oil spills Largest – BP Deepwater Horizon oil well Exxon Valdez Kuwait – largest, deliberately destroyed oil wells during Persian Gulf War.

31. Oil Spills • 85% of oil entering water is from runoff from land, rivers, airplanes, small boats, personal water craft. • Some is deliberate and some accidental

32. Natural Gas • Exists as a component of petroleum and in natural deposits separate from petroleum. • Lighter than oil so it is above the petroleum. • 80 – 95% methane • 5 – 20% ethane, propane, butane • Uses • Electricity generation • Industrial process • Manufacture nitrogen fertilizer • Homes – heating, cooking, clothes dryers, water heaters • 24% of the energy used in the U.S.

33. LPG • Liquefied Petroleum Gas • Natural gas in a liquid form • Less energy dense. • Can be transported and stored in tanks. • Available everywhere. • Used in portable barbecue grills and heaters.

34. Hydraulic Fracturing “Fracking” • It is a process of pumping more than a million gallons of water along with a mix of sand and chemicals deep into the Earth to break apart the rock below and free the gas locked inside it. • It’s a technique that’s been used for decades to extract oil and natural gas from shale, but it has seen a growth spurt in recent years, thanks to technological advances, like hydrofracking, that have made it more competitive economically. Natural Gas Field

35. Fracking • YouTube Video of the Process • http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=3&cts=1331557572167&sqi=2&ved=0CEYQtwIwAg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DO0kmskvJFt0&ei=K_RdT_uaK4rW0QGIx8GsDw&usg=AFQjCNHENec8WSfRvAWzklKb6MgtaU69zQ&sig2=K31DGI_uSwamge6YHgPeuA • Problems • Required lots of water and the sources of natural gas are in areas where there is a shortage of water. • Chemicals that are added may result in ground water contamination.

36. Natural Gas Advantages Disadvantages No sulfur emissions. Emits only 60% of CO2 as coal. Clean fuel. Releases methane which 25% greater warming potential than CO2 Process of extraction damages the environment, contaminates water, harms people. Transported by pipelines – construction damages the environment. Leakage from pipelines can cause violent explosions.

37. Other Fossil Fuels • Oil Sands • Slow flowing deposits of bitumen with sand, water and clay. • Extracted by surface mining – energy intensive. • Requires lots of water and located in areas of less water. • Produces more CO2 than regular oil.

38. CTL – Coal to Liquid • Because of the immense coal reserves and technology to convert coal to a liquid. • Relatively expensive. • Same problems as oil sands. • Greenhouse emissions from liquefied coal are twice as much as conventionally produced oil.

39. Energy Intensity • Energy use per unit of gross domestic product. • We are using energy more efficiently in order to do what we need to do. But - • We are doing more things that use energy so our overall energy use has increased.

40. Hubbert Curve • Hubbert Curve • Point at which world oil production would reach a maximum and the point at which we would run out of oil. • Peak oil • Point that half the oil is used up and extraction and use would begin to decline. • 1969 King Hubbert found that the total reserves did not greatly affect the curve. • Although new reserves of oil have been found the curve has not changed because more oil found results in more oil used. • Currently believed conventional oil supplies will run out in 40 years.

41. Nuclear Energy 1 neutron + 235uranium  142Ba + 91Kr + 3 neutrons • Concerns? • Source? • Nuclear fission • A neutron strikes a large atomic nucleus which splits into fragments. • The splitting releases more neutrons and releases energy in the form of heat. • These neutrons released can cause more fission reactions. • The heat energy is used to produce steam just like coal. • 1 g of uranium-235 produces 2 to 3 million times more energy than 1 g of coal.

42. Nuclear Reactor • Containment structure • Steam produced turns a generator that produces electricity. • Plant must be able to slow the fission reaction so collisions take place at appropriate speeds. • Control rods

43. Mining Uranium • Requires fossil fuels and leaves waste materials (tailings). • Most uranium ore is 238Uranium another isotope of uranium that does not fission as easily. • Uranium ore must be chemically enriched.

44. Nuclear Energy in the U.S. • The U.S. gets 20% of electricity from nuclear energy. • 104 nuclear power plants in U.S.

45. Nuclear Energy Advantages Disadvantages No pollution produced during operation – “clean” energy. CO2 emissions from mining, processing, transporting nuclear fuel and constructing a nuclear power plant. Possibility of accidents Disposal of radioactive waste. Possibility that radioactive materials find their way into individuals making a nuclear weapon.

46. Nuclear Fusion • Reaction that powers the sun and other stars. • Occurs when ligher nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. • In the process a great amount of heat is generated. • For electricity • Two hydrogen isotopes fusing together into a helium atom. • Small amount of mass is lost and huge amount of energy is liberated. • A reactor for this will need to heat materials to temperatures 10 times the temperature in the core of the sun.

47. Nuclear Accidents • Three Mile Island - 1979 • Nuclear Power plant in Pennsylvania • No documented increase in adverse health effects in the area of the plant. • Some investigators report increase in infant mortality rates and cancer rates after the accident. • http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=4&cts=1331601284629&sqi=2&ved=0CDoQtwIwAw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DafdkyvSBehw&ei=vp5eT5_mJ4Hp0QGhm4zMBw&usg=AFQjCNFCog6dfoKaCxNabvutxgDtRdPBIg&sig2=4FWSpq_VNKiFOFival1IFg

48. Chernobyl - 1986 • Largest nuclear disaster in history • Released more than one hundred times more radiation than the atom bombs that were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. • Several mishaps built up to an enormous steam explosion which ripped off the top of the reactor and spewed deadly radioactivity into the air. • In addition, many fires were created at the station, helping to create radioactive ash that floated away on the air.

49. Pripyat • The radioactive dust spread as far as England. • 60% of the toxic dust landed in what is now Belarus. • The damage from the Chernobyl incident affected a large part of the world. • The officials realized that the nearby town of Pripyat would have to be evacuated.

50. Results of Chernobyl • 5,000 cases of thyroid cancer most nonfatal and among children who were younger than 18 at the time of the accident. • Caused by absorption of radioactive iodine released by the accident.