The Age of Exploration

1. The Age of Exploration 1560-1648

2. Key Questions to Explore • How did the Renaissance contribute to the A of E? • How did the A of E reshape both the Old and New Worlds?

3. Motivation • God • Gold • Glory

4. Why Atlantic Seaboard Trade? • Asia had been attractive since Marco Polo/Crusades • Overland movement of goods was expensive • There was an interest in cutting the Italians out of the market

5. Fear of the Unknown But …… And ……………

7. The Atlantic As ABarrier

8. The Astrolabe

9. The Portuguese • Prince Henry the Navigator • Diaz (1488) to the Cape of Good Hope • de Gama (1498) to India and back • By 1504 the Portuguese has control of the spice trade • Destroyed Venice (and Italy) as a major trading city-state

10. Sagres Point

11. Cape of Good Hope

12. A Word on Columbus • Don’t judge Columbus from 2013 • What forces influenced/shaped him? • What were his goals when he sailed west? • Were his goals achieved? • Try to put him in perspective

13. Columbus • Genoa born (maybe) • Attended Prince Henry’s school of navigation • Believed that the western route was easiest to east • Ultimately sailed for Spain • Four voyages – no route through to the east • Died of heart attack with some wealth from Latin American gold 1451-1506

15. Columbian Exchange • Concept of contemporary history • Europe benefits from new goods and increased wealth • Colonies receive new forms of government and laws, and …. • Colonies and Europe suffer from disease …..

16. FerdinandMagellan • Portuguese born, but sailed for the Spanish • Sought to circumnavigate the globe • First European to enter Pacific through The Straits of Magellan • Died in the Philippines • Of 234 men who began the journey, just 40 survived 1480-1521

18. Treaty of 1494Tordesillas • The Pope Alexander VI issued the decree • Divided the globe between the Portuguese and the Spanish • Spain claims all of the Americas – although Brazil was considered far enough East to be Portuguese • Spain (and Magellan) will claim the Philippines are far enough to the West

20. Colonization

21. Who and Where • Spanish – The Americas and Philippines • Portuguese – Brazil and Far East islands • Dutch – Caribbean, North America, and Far East (Spice Islands) • French – North America

23. And …. Not a surprise ….A Commercial Revolution The Advent of Capitalism 14th to the 18th Century

24. Is it always about money?

25. Why? • Increased trade (markets/resources/international competition) • Growth in population – increases the demand for goods – particularly food • The Price Revolution or a slow increase in prices (slow inflation) – decrease in the value of money • Money supply increased (New World Gold and Silver)– offset by increase in population

26. Non-PoliticalEconomicLeadership A Critical Example ………………….

27. JakobFugger • German • Moved from weaving to mercantile banking (bank devoted to service of merchants) • Believed to be the richest man of his time • Used money to influence election of the HRE 1459-1525

28. And ….. • The Medici (of course) • The Rothschilds beginning in early 18th century – German/British/French/Austrian (War of 1812, Suez Canal) • J.P. Morgan

29. New Capital • The use of wealth to create more wealth • Most simple means is lending money at interest – Church called it usury, a sin. • Calvin rejects this concept • Organization of the process = banking • Organized wealth allows for the creation of joint-stock companies (often through investment in foreign ventures). • Capital through speculation

30. A Price Revolution • Destruction of the Commons • Urban population increased • Diversified economy • Increased trade and pressure on production • Increase in precious metals from ‘new world’ – too much money for the amount of available goods

31. Government Takes Control

32. British Chartered Companies • Muscovy Company Russia, 1555 • East India Company Asia, 1600 • Hudson’s Bay Company Canada, 1670 • South Sea Company South America, 1711

33. The Dutch • Dutch East India Company – 1602 • Amsterdam Stock Exchange – 1602, founded to trade shares of East India Co. • Bank of Amsterdam – 1609, first public bank • Tulip Mania – 1634 to 1637 (speculation in tulip bulbs – leads to economic crisis)

34. Terms of Historic Importance …. • Hanseatic League, 1159-1598, Germany • Guild(damaged by large scale production/’domestic system’ – but returns as unions in 19th century) • London Coffee Houses • Poor Laws • Mercantilism

36. The Commercial Revolution andThe Link to Absolutism (money and politics) • Absolutism offered stability, order, and security in a region devastated by internal conflict • Commercial Revolution (particularly in Northern Europe) generated wealth and complex capitalistic institutions – both benefited from state-building through strong leaders • New capitalism relied on overseas trade requiring government protection – capitalists and monarchs (who needed money to fuel increasingly more powerful states) developed a symbiotic relationship

37. How does ‘Society’change? And …. How ‘historically’ could the term Society be defined?(Is it dynamic?)

38. Class • Aristocracy continued – determined by high birth • Middle Class (Bourgeoisie – Karl Marx calls this the moneyed class) – had greater rights and wealth from commerce • Working Poor – illiterate, unskilled, lost status with rise of a middle class. Serfs emerged in Eastern Europe • A Rich-Poor Gap emerges – increases societal tension

39. Social Life • Beginning of the modern era • Population grew – 5 cities above 100,000 • Increase of homelessness and vagrancy (communities begin processes to deal with the poor) • Diet is diminished for the poor • Alcoholism increases • And ….

40. Death Checks … W = War F = Famine P = Plague

41. Food • Class standards often defined foods – white flour for upper classes/rye for others/oats were for horses • Meat was for the rich – nothing was wasted – poor relied on dairy products (eggs) for protein. Meat consumption declined as population increased • Most beverages were alcoholic until the Industrial Revolution - wine south/beer north and east. Coffee, tea and chocolate by 17th century

42. The History of the World in Six Glasses • Beer – First made in the Fertile Crescent and by 3000 BC was so important to Mesopotamia and Egypt that it was used to pay wages • Wine - In ancient Greece, it became the main export of a vast seaborne trade, helping to spread Greek culture abroad. • Spirits - Brandy and rum, made using a process devised by Arab alchemists, fueled the Age of Exploration, fortified seamen on long voyages and was key to slave trade (Triangle Trade). • Coffee - Originated in the Arab world and went on to inspire scientific, financial/political revolutions during the Age of Reason, when coffeehouses became centers of intellectual exchange. • Tea - Hundreds of years after the Chinese began drinking tea, it became especially popular in Britain, with far-reaching effects on British foreign policy. • Cola - Globalization

43. National Cuisines • An element of national identity • First cook books at beginning of 18th century • France – guilds for cooks/chefs appear (specialty guilds/bakers, pastry, sauces, etc.). French were first to include new world foods. • Italians moved toward regional cuisine (Naples and pizza (originally a sweet dish), and cookbooks were produced for the ‘housewive’

44. Calories …. • Caloric intake is subject to some debate. One typical estimate is that an adult peasant male needed 2,900 calories per day, and an adult female needed 2,150 calories. Those engaged in particularly heavy physical labor, as well as sailors and soldiers, may have consumed 3,500 or more calories per day. Intakes of aristocrats may have reached 4,000 to 5,000 calories/day. Monks consumed 6,000 calories/day on "normal" days, and 4,500 calories/day when fasting. As a consequence of these excesses, obesity was common among upper classes. Monks especially frequently suffered from obesity-related conditions such as arthritis. • Today …. Men should be consume approximately 2000.

45. And now the …..

46. Wars of Religion(or the shift to political/economic conflicts) 1531-1648

47. The Chronology • Wars of the Schmalkaldic League (1531-1548) • French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) • Swedish Civil War (1598-1604) • 30 Years War (1618-1648)

48. Peace of AugsburgEnds the Schmalkaldic Conflict • 1555 • Agreement between Ferdinand I (Charles V brother) and the Schmalkaldic League (a group of Lutheran Princes) • Allowed individual princes to chose religion of their states • However, did not permit ‘minor’ religions – i.e. Calvinism (Lutheran or Catholic) • 30 Years War (takes 70 years to ferment)

49. Spanish Empire - 1580

50. Collapse of Spain • Jewish population expelled in1492 • Philip II – ineffective leader • Bankrupt four times (Both Philip and Spain) • Inquisition (fear of) = revolt in Netherlands)