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A. ricordii

A. distichus perches on fence posts and other sunny surfaces. A. insolitus usually perches on shady branches. A. ricordii. A. insolitus. A. aliniger. A. christophei. A. distichus. A. cybotes. A. etheridgei. Experiment. High tide. Chthamalus. Balanus. Chthamalus realized niche.

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A. ricordii

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  1. A. distichus perches on fence posts and other sunny surfaces. A. insolitus usually perches on shady branches. A. ricordii A. insolitus A. aliniger A. christophei A. distichus A. cybotes A. etheridgei

  2. Experiment High tide Chthamalus Balanus Chthamalus realized niche Balanus realized niche Ocean Low tide Results High tide Chthamalus fundamental niche Ocean Low tide

  3. G. fortis G. fuliginosa Beak depth Los Hermanos 60 40 G. fuliginosa, allopatric 20 0 Daphne 60 40 Percentages of individuals in each size class G. fortis, allopatric 20 0 Sympatric populations Santa María, San Cristóbal 60 40 20 0 16 8 10 12 14 Beak depth (mm)

  4. (b) Aposematic coloration (a) Cryptic coloration Canyon tree frog Poison dart frog (c) Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one. Nonvenomous hawkmoth larva (d) Müllerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other. Venomous green parrot snake Cuckoo bee Yellow jacket

  5. (b) Area cleared by ants around an acacia tree (a) Ants (genus Pseudomyrmex) in acacia tree

  6. 8 6 Number of plant species 4 2 0 Without Juncus With Juncus (a) Salt marsh with Juncus (foreground) (b)

  7. A B C D Community 1 Community 2 A: 25% B: 25% D: 25% B: 5% D: 10% C: 25% A: 80% C: 5%

  8. Quaternary consumers: carnivores Tertiary consumers: carnivores Secondary consumers: carnivores Primary consumers: herbivores and zooplankton Primary producers: plants and phytoplankton

  9. Humans Smaller toothed whales Sperm whales Baleen whales Elephant seals Crab- eater seals Leopard seals Fishes Squids Birds Carnivorous plankton Copepods Krill Phyto- plankton

  10. Experiment Results 20 With Pisaster (control) 15 Number of species present 10 Without Pisaster (experimental) 5 0 1963’64 ’65 ’66 ’67 ’68 ’69 ’70 ’71 ’72 ’73 Year

  11. 35 30 25 Number of taxa 20 15 10 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 Index of disturbance intensity (log scale)

  12. (a) Soon after fire (b) One year after fire

  13. 1 2 4 3 1941 1907 Pioneer stage Dryas stage 1860 Glacier Bay Alaska 1760 0 5 10 15 Kilometers Spruce stage Alder stage

  14. 200 100 Vertebrate species richness (log scale) 50 10 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 0 Potential evapotranspiration (mm/yr)

  15. Results 400 200 100 50 Number of plant species (log scale) 25 10 5 100 103 10 104 105 106 Area of island (hectares) (log scale)

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