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Rocky shore

Rocky shore. Caledonian pine forest. Why is it important to conserve these ecosystems?. Limestone pavement. Peat bog. Lesson objective. Explain how the management of an ecosystem can provide resources in a sustainable way, with reference to timber production in a temperate climate.

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Rocky shore

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  1. Rocky shore Caledonian pine forest Why is it important to conserve these ecosystems? Limestone pavement Peat bog

  2. Lesson objective • Explain how the management of an ecosystem can provide resources in a sustainable way, with reference to timber production in a temperate climate.

  3. Dynamic process maintaining biodiversity (between species and genetic diversity within species) by managing and reclaiming habitats • Protecting areas of land so far unused by humans (may also maintain biodiversity) = conservation Conservation or preservation? = preservation

  4. Preserve biodiversity • Potential future use of species / gene pool in future • Maintain interactions between species e.g in food webs • Recreational value / aesthetic • Tourism • Support native human populations • Prevent changes to atmosphere / climate /

  5. Layers • The forest is made up of three layers

  6. TOP LAYER = Canopy • Thickest layer • Grows up top between 20m and 30m • Thickest cover during summer when there is more sunshine

  7. MIDDLE LAYER = Shrub layer • Made up of shrubs and smaller trees

  8. BOTTOM LAYER = forest floor (leaf litter) • Forest floor • Made up of grasses, ferns and mosses

  9. Sustainable management • Biodiversity is maintained • Making economic use of resources without destroying ecosystem • Same area can be exploited indefinitely

  10. Clear felling - not sustainable • Soil susceptible to erosion • Minerals washed into rivers and not replaced • (eutrophication)

  11. THREATS – the need for conservation and management • Easily converted to agricultural land • Development – housing • Logging; most trees are hardwoods, meaning they have a denser wood than most coniferous trees • Pollution - Acid Rain from coal-burning is another threat • Global warming - may change rainfall patterns

  12. Sustainable Timber Production • Removal of trees from an area must be equal/ less than rate of replacement. • Maintains the woodland ecosystem / biodiversity. E.g. avoiding large monospecies plantations such as conifers

  13. Selective felling • Select an individual high value, large tree e.g an oak or walnut tree and fell that one. • Maintains biodiversity how not to fell trees

  14. Rotational felling • Different areas of woodland provide different types of habitat • Prevents rapid soil erosion • Faster recovery due to seeding / recolonisation from nearby areas

  15. Coppicing • Certain species eg. hazel, are cut close to ground and allowed to re-grow for 5-15 years • Wood can be used for charcoal, hurdles………

  16. Coppicing coppicing • Mix coppicing with standard trees • Coppice on rotation • Reduces habitat disruption eg nesting sites

  17. Pollarding • Trunk is cut higher • Protects new shoots from deer • Wilton has good examples near the market square

  18. Strip felling • Less disturbance by machinery • Dependent species can survive nearby

  19. and: • Control pests / pathogens • Selective planting: - best species for site - plant optimal distances apart • Leave some fallen trees to decay as another habitat type

  20. Damage to bark by grey squirrels

  21. Browsing by deer

  22. Bradfield Woods • Managed sustainably since 1252 • 370 species of plants • Managed by rotational coppicing (20-25yr cycle) ref p209

  23. Over exploitation of wild populations

  24. Habitat disruption and fragmentation

  25. Non native species introduced into an ecosystem Quoll Quolls attack cane toads and can die due to poisons on their skin. This has decimated the numbers of quolls. There has been a programme to train quolls to avoid them by offering cane toad sausages that make them feel sick. After that they avoid them and teach their young to do the same

  26. South American Coypus – fur market Escaped from a fur farm in UK, had to be recaptured to eradicate them.

  27. What does conservation involve? • Consideration of social and economic cost • Effective education • Establishing protected areas e.g. SSSIs • Legal protection to endangered species

  28. Conservation management strategies • Raise carrying capacity • Move individuals to increase population/ encourage natural dispersion • Restrict dispersal of individuals by fencing • Control predators and poachers • Vaccinate individuals against disease • Preserve habitats so they persist without succession progressing

  29. SUSTAINABLE FISHING • Conserve fish stocks to ensure fish can provide food in the future.

  30. Strategies used to maintain fish stocks. • International agreements. • Common Fisheries Policy in the EU introduced quotas. • Larger nets to reduce the catch of smaller fish • Restrictions on fishing times to reduce impact on breeding times. • Fish farms.

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