Cells Parts - called “organelles”

1. Cells Parts- called “organelles” • Most organelles are found in Eukaryotic cells. • Organelles divide up the labor in a cell. • The only organelle in all cells is the Ribosome.

2. The Nucleus • Contains all the DNA • DNA tells the cell what to do, what to make

3. Nucleolus • Inside the nucleus is a small dark mass – the Nucleolus. • This is where Ribosomes are made.

4. Cell Membrane • The cell membrane is a Phospholipid Bilayer. • The membrane acts as a Gatekeeper – Regulating what enters and leaves the cell.

5. Endoplasmic Reticulum • The ER is a system of membrane channels that is used to transport proteins. • This is where cell products are made and transported. • The bumps are ribosomes

6. Ribosome • Ribosomes are the “workshops” that make proteins. • Ribosomes are made out of a special type of RNA • Ribosomes are often located on the ER

7. Golgi Apparatus • Golgi Bodies are the Packaging centers of the cell. • Cell products like proteins and enzymes are packaged here.

8. The Mitochondria • The ‘mighty’ mitochondria makes energy from the food that you eat using Cellular Respiration.

9. Chloroplast • Found only in plant cells • Responsible for Photosynthesis (making food) • Contains its own DNA

10. Cell Wall • A rigid wall of cellulose commoly called fiber • Surrounds plant cells to provide structure and support. • Not found in animal cells

11. Centrioles • These organelles are found only in animal cells. • They contain fibers which divide the DNA equally during cell division.

12. Vacuoles • Large water filled sack within plant cells • Stores water and maintains turgor pressure (crispiness)

13. Cilia • Cilia are small fiber-like structures that move the organism or the surrounding fluid. • Cilia usually cover the • Entire surface of the cell.

14. Flagella • The flagellum is a long whip-like ‘tail’ that allows the cell to swim through watery environments. • Sperm and Euglena

15. Pseudopods • Some organisms move with pseudopods – extensions of the cell that flow out to enclose food or move the cell along. • Translates to ‘false-feet.’

16. Cytoplasm • The fluid inside of cells • This is the medium in which organelles float • Made mostly of water

17. Part 2: Distinguishing between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

18. Prokaryotes-simplest type of cell • cells are simple in structure • no recognizable organelles. • Circular DNA • They have an outer cell wall that gives them shape. Just under the rigid cell wall is the more fluid cell membrane.

19. Eukaryotes • highly structured. • These cells tend to be larger than the cells of bacteria, • have developed specialized packaging and transportmechanisms that may be necessary to support their larger size

20. NO Nucleus Circular DNA Few (often none) organelles Membranes do not cover organelles Relatively small. Very primitive Ex. Bacterium Nucleus Linear DNA Many organelles Membranes cover organelles Relatively large More recent evolution Ex. Any cell in a multicellular organism Summary: Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

21. Part 3:2 types of eukaryotic cells: Plant and Animal Cells Cells Alive! Compare plant, animal, and prokaryotic cells!

22. Basically… Plant cells have 2 structures that animal cells lack • Chloroplasts • These are the structures that allow plant cells to convert light energy into glucose • This is called photosynthesis • Contain the green pigment “chlorophyll” • Cell Walls • Rigid structure outside of cell membrane • Gives the plant support • Made of the carbohydrate “cellulose” (plant fiber)