SSUSH21

1. Analyze US international & domestic policies including their influences on technological advancements & social changes during the Kennedy & Johnson administrations. SSUSH21

2. a. Analyze the international policies & actions taken as a response to the Cold War including US involvement in Cuba & the escalation of the war in Vietnam as a result of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution.

3. Cuban Missile Crisis: • In 1959 Fidel Castro overthrew the American supported leader of Cuba, Batista. • Cuba, only 90 miles from the U.S. mainland, took control of all U.S. property in Cuba, including land and factories • The new Cuban leader, Fidel Castro, aligned his government with the Soviet Union

4. Bay of Pigs • When John Kennedy became President in 1961, he inherited a plan from the previous President which called for a CIA backed invasion of Cuba in order to over- throw Castro

5. The U.S. worried that the Soviet Union would use Cuba as a base to spread Communism through out the Western Hemisphere • Though only the President for three months, Kennedy listened to his advisors and approved the secret plan which called for 1,500 Cuban exiles to attack, supported by U.S. planes

6. The attack was a disaster: • News of the attack leaked out days before it happened • The “Bay of Pigs” (attack site), was poorly chosen with coral reefs *slowed down the landing craft *swampy land on shore • In an effort to hide U.S. involvement, Kennedy refused to send in the expected air support • Within days Cuba had captured or killed the invaders

7. Cuban Missile Crisis • In 1962 U.S. spy planes photographed Soviet made long range missiles being set-up in Cuba

8. Cuban Missile Crisis • Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba, demanded that the Soviets dismantle and remove the missiles, and warned Russia that the U.S. would launch an all out nuclear missile attack on the Soviet Union if any missiles were fired from Cuba

9. Cuban Missile Crisis • The Soviets ignored the warning and continued to work on the sites • Many in the U.S. believed that a nuclear holocaust would occur • In late October, after secretly negotiating with the Soviets, disaster was avoided • Russia agreed to pull out of Cuba if the U.S. promised not to invade the island

10. Vietnam War (1955-1975): • The U.S. had been sending economic and military aid to South Vietnam since the early 1950s to combat North Vietnam’s Communist government • By 1963, the U.S. had over 16,000 “advisers” in South Vietnam

11. Vietnam War • In August 1964 President Lyndon Johnson announced that North Vietnamese ships had attacked two American destroyers (this turned out to be untrue)WHY DID JOHNSON LIE? • Johnson asked permission from Congress to let American forces defend themselves if attacked: Congress approved the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

12. Vietnam War • The Vietcong began attacking military bases in the South, which killed and wounded U.S. advisers • In 1965 Johnson ordered U.S. jets to attack positions in the North • In March 1965, Johnsonlaunched Operation Rolling Thunder, a bombing campaign of the North, and sent more than 180,000 troops to fight in Vietnam

13. Tet Offensive (1968) • In early 1968, military leaders announced that U.S. forces were gaining strength and winning the war • In late January 1968, the North Vietnamese launched a surprise attack during the Vietnamese New Year. They attacked nearly every U.S. airbase and most major cities in the South

14. Assassination of Viet Cong

15. Though the attack was a military failure, the Tet Offensive was a turning point in the war because most Americans came to believe that the U.S. could not win the war • President Johnson’s approval rating dropped dramatically and eventually led Johnson not to seek reelection

16. b. Connect major domestic issues to their social effects including the passage of civil rights legislation & Johnson's Great Society, following the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

17. Assassination of Kennedy: • Kennedy, especially towards the end of his Presidency, was viewed as being very progressive towards the civil rights movement • In November 1963, Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, TX • Vice-President Lyndon Johnson, from Texas was sworn in as President • Politically, Johnson was very different than Kennedy: -Spent years in Congress, and knew how to get things done

18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wdvxgVMzGZM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSBXW1-VGmM

19. Johnson Administration • Johnson carried on many of Kennedy's plans including getting both the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 passed into law

20. Civil Rights Act of 1964: • The growing civil rights movement impressed President Kennedy so much that he became convinced that the nation needed a new civil rights law. • Kennedy called on Congress to pass a sweeping civil rights bill. • This bill outlawed discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. • It also gave govt. more power to push for school segregation. • The Act was signed into law by President Johnson.

21. Voting Rights Act of 1965: • In 1965, Civil rights workers attempted a voting project in Selma, Alabama. • They were met with violent resistance. • As a result, MLK, Jr. led a massive march through Alabama. Pres. Johnson responded by asking Congress to pass a new voting rights act. • Congress passed the Voting Rights Act of 1965. • The law eliminated state laws that had prevented African Americans from voting, like literacy test & poll taxes

22. C. Describe the impact of television on American culture including the presidential debates (Kennedy/Nixon, 1960), news coverage of the Civil Rights Movement, the moon landing, & the war in Vietnam.

23. Impact of TV: • Television became a big part of American culture • People were able to follow the new stories like the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movements • A big source of entertainment and had an impact on clothes and music • Commercials also helped with teenage consumerism • Even though television was first introduced to the public in 1939, WW2 prevented it from being manufactured and distributed on a large scale until after the war. • True regular commercial network television programming didn’t being in the U.S until 1948.

25. Describe the impact television has had on American culture, including the Presidential Debates (Kennedy/Nixon, 1960), news coverage of the Civil Rights movement. Kennedy/Nixon Debates: • 70 million Americans tuned in to watch the first ever presidential debate • Richard Nixon was the Vice President and foreign policy expert • Kennedy had little experience that Nixon wanted to expose • John F. Kennedy looked a lot more confident on TV • Seeing this confidence made voters want him to be president

27. b. Describe the impact television has had on American culture, including the Presidential Debates (Kennedy/Nixon, 1960), news coverage of the Civil Rights movement. News Coverage of the Civil Rights Movement: • Television, magazines, and newspapers covered this movement • Showing these boycotts and marches on television kept the Civil Rights Movement on America’s mind • Having it on TV helped people start supporting the movement

28. The Moon Landing: • July 20, 1969 • Kennedy challenged NASA to put a man on the moon • Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to the moon • Mission commander: Neil Armstrong • Pilot: Buzz Aldrin • Leave an American flag behind • Landing was watched all around the world

29. The Moon Landing: • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4

30. News Coverage of Vietnam War: • Americans against the war in Vietnam became more vocal in their opposition. • Many anti-war groups started on college campuses to urge the govt. to end the selective service (draft) and bring all American troops home from Vietnam. • They used sit-ins, marches, and demonstrations. • Later some protesters became more radical, burning their draft cards, going to prison, or fleeing to Canada

31. D. Investigate the growth, influence, & tactics of civil rights groups, Martin Luther King Jr., the Letter from a Birmingham Jail, the I have a dream Speech, and Cesar Chavez.

32. Letter from Birmingham Jail: “Letter from Birmingham Jail” by Martin Luther King, Jr. • MLK, Jr. (1929-68) was a Baptist minister and became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which was one of the principal organizations of the civil rights movements in the US. • He advocated nonviolent resistance to patterns of racial injustice and was awarded the Nobel prize for peace in 1964.

33. During a series of illegal (because a parade permit was denied his group) demonstrations in 1963 protesting the segregation of many public facilities in Birmingham, King was arrested and sent to jail. • He wrote a letter from his jail cell to local clergymen who had criticized him for creating disorder in the city. • School children were asked to participate in the demonstration. • Organizers felt this may deter officials from opening fire hoses and releasing dogs on demonstrators.

34. His “Letter from Birmingham City Jail,” argued that individuals had the moral right and responsibility to disobey unjust laws. • The letter was widely read at the time and added to Kings standing as a moral leader. • National reaction to the Birmingham violence built support for the struggle for black civil rights.

35. SCLC: • Founded by MLK - preached non violence. • He based his ideas on the teaching of Jesus, Gandhi, Henry David Thoreau, & A. Philip Randolph. • MLK joined with other ministers and civil rights leaders in1957. • Together they formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).

36. SNCC • By 1960, another influential civil rights group emerged. • The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), (“snick”) was formed mostly by college students. • Members of this group felt that change for African Americans was occurring too slowly. SNCC Headquarters

37. One protest strategy that SNCC (“snick”) used was the sit-in. • During a sit-in, blacks sat at white only lunch counters. • They refused to leave until they were served. • In North Carolina, during a sit in, students sat as whites hit them and poured food all over their heads. • By late 1960 they had desegregated lunch counters in 48 cities in 11 states.

38. Another tactic used by SNCC members were freedom rides. *Freedom riders rode public transportation into segregated areas in the South to challenge local laws and customs that enforced segregation This called national attention to areas that were disregarding the federal law of desegregation

40. “I Have A Dream” • On August 28, 1963, under a nearly cloudless sky, more than 250,000 people, a fifth of them white, gathered near the Lincoln Memorial in Washington to rally for "jobs and freedom." • Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. had originally prepared a short speech. • He was about to sit down when a gospel singer called out, "Tell them about your dream, Martin! Tell them about the dream!“ • In his speech, King asked for peace and racial harmony.

41. “I Have A Dream” Speech • Page 933 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HRIF4_WzU1w

42. Cesar Chavez: • Latinos also protest to gain civil rights in the 1960s. • Their leader was César Chávez, a Mexican-American, from California. • Chávez believed in nonviolent methods to achieve his goals. • He started a nationwide boycott of California grapes, forcing growers to negotiate a contract with the United Farm Workers in 1970. • This contract gave workers higher wages and other benefits .

43. E. Describe the social and political turmoil of 1968 including the reactions to assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy, the Tet Offensive, and the presidential election.

44. Assassination of MLK Jr.: • In late March, Martin Luther King Jr. went to Memphis, TN to help support a strike by African American sanitation workers • In the early evening of April 4, Dr. King was shot and killed by James Earl Ray • King’s death sparked a series of riots across the country

45. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmOBbxgxKvo

46. QUESTION: • Why did people riot and become violent after Martin Luther King Jr’s death?

47. Robert F. Kennedy • Robert Kennedy was John Kennedy's brother and served as the U.S. Attorney General under his administration • Robert Kennedy, supporting many of his brother’s civil rights policies, decided to run for president in 1968 • As a Democratic candidate, Kennedy went to California in June of 1968 and won that state’s primary.

48. Robert F. Kennedy • After greeting supporters at a hotel after his victory, Robert Kennedy was assassinated by SirhanSirhan • By the end of 1968, two national leaders had been assassinated

49. 1968 Democratic National Convention • The 1968 Democratic National Convention was held in Chicago, IL. • 4,000 anti-war demonstrators (Vietnam War), tried to march to the convention site but were met by over 11,000 army and National Guardsmen, and Chicago riot police

50. 1968 Democratic National Convention • Protesters and bystanders were met with tear-gas, and beaten by the police, all within the full view of television cameras